Global Politics: International Order and Institutions

Nation-State

• The term 'nation-state' refers to a sovereign state that consists of a specific nation or people.
• A 'nation' is defined as a group of people who share a common identity, culture, and history.
• A 'state' is defined as a political entity with a defined territory, government, and sovereignty.

Nation and State

• The nation of Scotland is an example of a 'nation' because it has a distinct identity, culture, and history, despite being part of the United Kingdom.
• The key distinction between a 'nation' and a 'state' is that a nation refers to a group of people, while a state refers to a political entity.

Civil Society

• 'Civil society' represents a sphere of voluntarily engaged citizens and organizations that operate outside of the government and market.
• Global Civil Society is characterized by its ability to bring people together across borders and cultures.

International Organizations

• International Nongovernmental Organizations (INGOs) are non-profit organizations that operate independently of governments and aim to promote social, economic, and political change.
• International Governmental Organizations (IGOs) require a formal agreement between governments to exist in a legal sense.
• The primary criterion for membership in the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) is that a country must be a member of the Islamic faith.

International Relations

• International Relations refer to the interactions and relationships between nations, governments, and international organizations.
• The main characteristic of International Relations is the interaction between nations, governments, and international organizations.

Treaty of Westphalia

• The Treaty of Westphalia was created in 1648 and marked the beginning of the modern nation-state system.
• The purpose of the Treaty of Westphalia was to establish the principle of sovereignty and non-interference in the internal affairs of other nations.

Internationalization

• Internationalization refers to the process of increasing global interaction and interconnectedness.

Economic Globalization

• Economic globalization refers to the increasing integration of the world's economies through international trade and investment.
• According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), economic globalization is characterized by the free flow of goods, services, and capital across borders.
• Example indicators of economic globalization include foreign direct investment, international trade, and the growth of multinational corporations.
• The oldest known international trade route is the Silk Road, which dates back to the 2nd century BC.
• Economic globalization is characterized by the increasingly interconnected and interdependent nature of international trade systems.
• Multinational corporations (MNCs) focus on maximizing profits and expanding their operations globally.
• The Bretton Woods System aimed to create a global economic system that ensures longer-lasting global peace.
• The Bretton Woods System was largely influenced by the United States and the United Kingdom.
• The policies that came to be called the Washington Consensus emphasized free market principles and minimal government intervention.
• The Philippines plays a significant role in the world economy today as a major exporter of goods and services.
• The high point of global Keynesianism was in the 1960s and 1970s, characterized by high government spending and state intervention in the economy.
• Before and at present, economic globalization is characterized by the increasing integration of the world's economies and the growth of multinational corporations.
• The GATT aimed to reduce tariffs and other trade barriers to promote international trade.
• The two financial systems created shortly after Bretton Woods were the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank.
• Neoliberalism is a new form of economic globalization that emphasizes free market principles and minimal government intervention.