Global Media Cultures Overview
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Questions and Answers

What term did Marshall McLuhan coin to describe the interconnectedness of people through media?

  • Global Society
  • Global Community
  • Global Network
  • Global Village (correct)

Which century is highlighted as the period during which globalization began to be significantly impacted by media and transportation advances?

  • 21st Century
  • 19th Century
  • 17th Century
  • 20th Century (correct)

What is a major consequence of globalization on national media systems?

  • Complete local ownership of media
  • Reduction in media content diversity
  • Increased isolation from global influences
  • Increased internationalization and openness to outside influences (correct)

What key aspect does globalization fundamentally relate to according to the provided content?

<p>Cultural dimensions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do changes in migration patterns influence globalization according to the discussed concepts?

<p>They facilitate enhanced cultural integration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main objectives of studying globalization and media?

<p>To analyze the dynamics of local and global cultural production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the media play in the context of globalization?

<p>It influences the structures and processes of the nation-state. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the scholars, globalization has been a silent process for how long?

<p>Millennia prior to being named (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does language play in globalization?

<p>It serves as the lifeline for communication across cultures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ancient script is acknowledged as traceable to its prehistoric origin?

<p>Cuneiform script (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the invention of the printing press impact knowledge?

<p>It standardized and preserved knowledge. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main distinction between electronic media and print media?

<p>Electronic media requires electricity or digital encoding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following devices significantly contributed to globalization in the 20th century?

<p>Telegraph (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the most important medium influencing globalization today?

<p>Computer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does popular music contribute to globalization?

<p>By serving as a mobile and resourceful capital (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT describe the impact of the printing press?

<p>Limited access to information for the masses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the characteristics of digital media in the context of globalization?

<p>It allows for easy sharing of ideas worldwide. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which among the following best describes world music?

<p>A label that aggregates various musical styles for Western consumption. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about script is FALSE?

<p>Script is irrelevant to the globalization process. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of the electronic media revolution in globalization?

<p>It fostered the inclusion of diverse cultural expressions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which company is NOT typically associated with digital media globalization?

<p>Coca-Cola (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the implications of globalization on religious identities?

<p>Encouragement of religious pluralism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective predicts the eventual demise of traditional religions?

<p>Post-Modernist Perspective (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does deterritorialization of religion involve?

<p>The emergence of religions in previously unfamiliar areas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the process where minority religions gain visibility in new local contexts due to migration?

<p>Indigenization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best characterizes the Modernist Perspective on religion?

<p>Belief in the inevitable convergence of religions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Post-Modernist Perspective view religious experiences?

<p>As individual expressions free from constraints (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term glocalization in the context of religion?

<p>The fusion of global and local religious practices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivates religious universalism in immigrant communities?

<p>A push for the religion to become global (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does nationalization in religious contexts connect with?

<p>The consolidation of nations with specific confessions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of movements attempt to create a pure form of religion by eliminating ties to cultural traditions?

<p>Fundamentalist movements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective is best represented by the Roman Catholic Church and emphasizes distinctive secular outcomes of different religions?

<p>Pre-Modernist Perspective (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is vernacularization primarily concerned with in terms of religion?

<p>The rise of local language and cultural expressions in religion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does inter-religious identification play in the process of globalization?

<p>It encourages dialogues and relationships among different religions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do global cities play in the context of globalization?

<p>They are seen as building blocks of globalization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT typically associated with a global city?

<p>Major manufacturing hubs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which city is recognized as having the most number of corporate headquarters?

<p>Tokyo (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes Singapore increasingly recognized as a global city?

<p>Emergence as a cultural hub with media influence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which global city is recognized as the seat of American state power?

<p>Washington DC (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cities is home to the headquarters of the United Nations?

<p>New York (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might local politics in global cities become overloaded?

<p>Global issues increasingly demand local attention. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the economic role of New York among global cities?

<p>It has the largest stock market in the world. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which city is NOT typically characterized as a global city due to its lack of major establishments?

<p>Copenhagen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of global city role is indicated by cities housing major international organizations?

<p>Centers of political influence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which global city is known for being a hub of the American film industry?

<p>Los Angeles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge do global cities often face in addressing local problems?

<p>Inability to prioritize local issues over global ones. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason individuals from around the world are attracted to global cities?

<p>Economic opportunities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of global cities when discussing spatial reorganization?

<p>Increased importance in global production networks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What misconception exists regarding the inequalities present in global cities?

<p>Inequalities exist only between cities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the dependency ratio trend in Japan before 1950?

<p>It increased, with a peak after the baby boom. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By 2150, what is the projected share of the world's population from the specified region?

<p>20 percent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant demographic event occurred after the Second World War?

<p>A baby boom. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes stage one of the demographic transition model?

<p>High birth and high death rates. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In demographic transition theory, which stage does a population experience rapid decline in death rates?

<p>Stage 2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country is identified as being in stage three of demographic transition?

<p>Mexico (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major factor contributed to the increase of dependency ratios in developing countries around 1970?

<p>High levels of fertility and decline in mortality. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of stage four in the demographic transition model?

<p>Both low birth and low death rates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region is likely to experience significant population growth according to the United Nations projections?

<p>Sub-Saharan Africa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common aspect of developing countries like India and the Philippines was noted in 1900?

<p>Higher dependency ratios than the West. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of demographic transition is characterized by below-replacement fertility levels?

<p>Stage 5 (debated) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily compels environmental migrants to leave their homes?

<p>Sudden or progressive changes in the environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did improvements in public health affect birth rates in developed countries during the late 19th century?

<p>They contributed to a decline in death rates and indirectly influenced birth rates. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of international migrants in 2015 were of working age (20 to 64 years)?

<p>72% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Japan's dependency ratio trend between 1888 and 1920?

<p>It was higher than the West. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as a consequence of migration on the economy?

<p>Increased employment for locals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant impact of climate change on migration, according to forecasts?

<p>Displacement due to shoreline erosion and coastal flooding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the roles of remittances in economies affected by migration?

<p>They support household livelihoods and local businesses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is used as a measure in the field of demography?

<p>Vital statistics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization provided a report highlighting the relationship between migration and climate change?

<p>European Commission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which city is considered Asia's most competitive according to the criteria mentioned?

<p>Singapore (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon is indicated by the term 'megacities'?

<p>Cities with populations over five million (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What demographic trend was observed for international migrants aged less than 20 years between 2000 and 2015?

<p>Decreased proportion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major consequence of urban growth in poorer areas?

<p>Increased political participation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be a consequence of being an environmental migrant regarding legal status?

<p>Risk of remaining without legal protection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant factor in the demographic transition during the 20th century?

<p>Decline in infant and child mortality rates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major global migration trend occurred from 1990 to 2015?

<p>Increase of almost 100 million international migrants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'demos' in demography?

<p>Population (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do remittances behave compared to other financial flows during economic downturns?

<p>They provide stability and predictability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the demographic transition illustrate about the gap in life expectancy?

<p>There is a growing gap between developed and developing regions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trend was observed between 1820 and 1980 regarding global population growth?

<p>69.3% of the world's population growth occurred in Europe and the West. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did the demographic transition begin in Europe?

<p>Mid-1700s (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is expected to increase global population by 2050?

<p>Urban growth beyond Western countries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country experienced a significant increase in life expectancy from 24 years in the early 20th century?

<p>India (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the life expectancy gap between Japan/the West and other countries by 1900?

<p>20 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region is projected to see a shift in population growth towards it in the future?

<p>Africa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge do rapidly growing urban areas face according to global demographic trends?

<p>Failures in accommodating larger populations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of countries with low fertility rates?

<p>They will see a population decline. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the movement of people across borders from one country to another?

<p>International migration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason for forced international migration historically?

<p>Slavery and political instability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What group primarily benefits from the remittances sent back by migrants?

<p>Families of the migrants in the country of origin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon can result from tighter immigration controls in a country?

<p>Locking in of potential migrants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of international migration mentioned?

<p>Students studying abroad. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is identified as a compelling reason for people to emigrate?

<p>Political instability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country is mentioned as having a significant issue with illegal immigration?

<p>Great Britain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do specialized organizations play regarding remittances?

<p>They facilitate the transmission of small amounts of money. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of socio-political factors on migration?

<p>Displacement and crisis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following countries is known for a high flow of remittances?

<p>Philippines. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are push and pull factors in migration typically viewed?

<p>They both influence the decision to migrate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an environmental factor that influences migration?

<p>Ecological change. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Globalization and Media

Globalization and media are interconnected; media acts as a powerful force in shaping global interconnectedness and identities.

Global Village

A concept suggesting the interconnectedness of people globally through media.

Globalization and Culture

Globalization's influence on cultural practices and beliefs across nations.

Globalization and Media's impact on nation-states

Global media influences national cultures and governance through content, ownership, and control.

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Globalization's timing

Globalization is a long-running process, not a recent development; it has occurred silently for centuries.

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Globalization

Economic and political integration on a global scale having a cultural aspect alongside it.

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Globalization and Identity

Globalization has an impact on how people understand themselves within a context of a globalized world.

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Media Globalization

The process by which national media systems become more influenced by international trends in content, ownership, and control.

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Oral Communication

The oldest form of human communication, essential for cooperation and sharing knowledge.

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Script/Writing

A system of graphic marks that represent units of language, crucial for collecting, manipulating, storing, communicating and disseminating information.

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Printing Press

A device for mass-producing printed material, revolutionizing knowledge sharing.

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Gutenberg Press

An improved printing press invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century.

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Electronic Media

Broadcast or storage media using electronic technology, including television, radio, and the internet.

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Digital Media

Media that relies on digital encoding of information, such as computers and smartphones.

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Impact of Printing Press

Standardized and preserved knowledge, challenged authority, and fostered public literacy and schools.

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Impact of Electronic Media

Revolutionized globalization's economic, political, and cultural processes.

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Impact of Digital Media

Transformed cultural lives by providing access to global markets and information, fostering connectivity.

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Popular Music & Globalization

Music participates in reinforcing culture and identity, but is also a mobile and influential aspect of globalization.

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World Music

A worldwide collection of music representing various cultural traditions and being consumed internationally.

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Cuneiform Script

The earliest writing system, found in Mesopotamia, that evolved from counting and record-keeping.

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Information Processing

The development of methods to handle larger amounts of data in more complex ways.

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Mass Media

Media allowing widespread distribution of information and entertainment to large groups of people.

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Globalization's Impact on Music

Globalization affects how music is created, shared, and valued. It changes music institutions, systems of value, and social groups involved in music.

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Globalization and Religion

Globalization influences religion by prompting responses and interpretations, shaping how religions interact, and even leading to religious pluralism.

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Religious Pluralism

Globalization encourages different religions to coexist and interact with each other, leading to increased diversity.

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Modernist Perspective on Secularization

This view believes that all secularizations will eventually look alike and different religions will converge into a common secular philosophy.

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Post-Modernist Perspective on Secularization

This view rejects Enlightenment values and anticipates the disappearance of traditional religions due to expressive individualism fueled by globalization.

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Pre-Modernist Perspective on Secularization

This view suggests that secularization is unique to each religion, leading to diverse secular outcomes and not a single global worldview.

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Deteritorialization of Religion

Religious traditions spread to new locations, where they were previously unknown or in a minority.

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Transnational Religion & Universalism

Immigrant communities maintain their religion, often with a focus on universal principles, leading to a global spread of that religion.

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Transnational Religion & Particularism

Immigrant communities preserve their ethnic or national identity within their religion, maintaining local traditions.

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Religious Fundamentalism

Attempts to create a 'pure' religion by shedding cultural influences from the past.

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Institutional Transnationalism

Communities outside their home country maintain religious ties with their home churches or institutions.

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Indigenization

Religion fuses with local cultures and traditions, shaping the practice and identity of a specific community.

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Vernacularization

The use of local languages in religious practices, often associated with the rise of empires.

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Nationalization

The association of specific religions with particular nations, often used as a strategy for national unity.

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Global City

A city that serves as a hub in a globalized economic system, with significant competitive advantages. These cities are key centers for economic production, finance, and telecommunications.

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Characteristics of a Global City

Global cities possess traits that categorize them as significant centers of power and influence, often characterized by economic dominance, political authority, cultural influence, and advanced education.

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Economic Power Hubs

Global cities, like New York, Tokyo, and Shanghai, are major centers of finance, global trade, and investment, impacting the world's economic landscape.

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Centers of Authority

Global cities, like Washington D.C. and Canberra, host the government and political institutions that govern their respective nations, wielding significant political influence.

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Centers of Political Influence

Cities that house major international organizations, like the UN and the EU headquarters, play a key role in shaping global political discourse and action.

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Centers of Higher Learning and Culture

Global cities, like New York, London, and Paris, are centers of publishing, academic excellence, and cultural expression, influencing global trends in these areas.

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Economic Opportunities

Global cities, like San Francisco Bay Area, attract talented individuals worldwide, offering diverse career paths and opportunities for growth.

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Global City Challenges

While global cities benefit from globalization, they face complex challenges related to inequality, global problems, and the need to manage local politics in a globalized world.

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Inequalities within Global Cities

Even within thriving global cities, there are inequalities in access to resources, opportunities, and quality of life, highlighting disparities within these urban centers.

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Local Politics and Global Problems

Global cities grapple with the challenge of addressing global problems like environmental issues or economic crises, while navigating local political complexities.

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Example: Shanghai's Global Role

Shanghai is an example of a global city due to its booming economy, its role in global supply chains, and its position as a major container port, illustrating the economic powerhouses that global cities can be.

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Example: Copenhagen's Unique Influence

Copenhagen is a global city with a unique influence, not based on traditional economic power, but on its cultural contribution, showcasing its reputation as a culinary capital.

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Example: Manchester's Cultural Legacy

Manchester's rise to global recognition is not solely due to economic factors, but its influence through music, showing that cities can become global icons through cultural contributions.

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Transnationalization vs. Religious Nationalization

Transnationalization and religious nationalization are contrasting forces that influence religious identities. Transnationalization promotes a universalist vision of religion, while religious nationalization emphasizes identification with specific religious traditions associated with national homelands.

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Global Cities and Inequality

Though global cities are often centers of economic prosperity, they also tend to experience high levels of inequality, highlighting the need for balanced development and social justice within these urban centers.

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Environmental Migrants

People forced to leave their homes due to sudden or gradual environmental changes that harm their lives or living conditions.

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Internal Environmental Migration

Environmental migrants moving within their own country, seeking refuge from environmental problems.

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International Environmental Migration

Environmental migrants leaving their country to escape environmental issues.

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Economic Impact of Migration

How migration affects the economies of both sending and receiving countries through factors like workforce, remittances, and return migration.

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Remittances and Economy

Money sent by migrants to their home countries, providing a stable financial flow and supporting local economies.

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Return Migration's Impact

The effect of migrants returning to their original country, influencing the economy and society at various levels.

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Global Migration Trends

The overall patterns and numbers of people moving across borders, showing increasing migration since 1990.

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Working Age Migrants

The majority of international migrants are aged 20 to 64, contributing significantly to the workforce.

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Climate Change and Migration

The growing concern that climate change will displace millions due to rising sea levels, floods, and agricultural disruptions.

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International Cooperation on Migration

Efforts by world leaders to address the challenges of migration, especially related to climate change and its consequences.

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Megacity

A city with a population exceeding 10 million inhabitants.

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Conurbation

A large, continuous urban area formed by the merging of several cities or towns.

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Demographic Transition

A shift in population patterns from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.

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What is the impact of demographic transition on life expectancy?

Demographic transition leads to a significant increase in life expectancy, especially compared to regions that haven't undergone the transition.

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How did demographic transition affect global population shares in the 19th century?

Europe and the West saw an increase in their share of the global population, while Asia and Oceania saw a decrease.

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How did global population shares shift in the 20th century?

Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Oceania experienced high population growth rates, leading to a reverse of the 19th century trend.

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Economic Competitiveness

The ability of a city or region to attract investment, create jobs, and maintain a strong economy.

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What are some factors considered in determining a city's economic competitiveness?

Factors include market size, purchasing power, middle class size, potential for growth, government efficiency, and livability.

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Demography

The study of human populations, including their size, density, fertility, mortality, growth, and interaction with social and economic conditions.

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What is the origin of the term 'demography'?

The term 'demography' comes from the Greek words 'demos' (population) and 'graphia' (description or writing), meaning literally 'writings about population.'

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What is 'Bills of Mortality'?

Historical documents recorded in London that tracked deaths and births, providing early insights into population trends.

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What is the meaning of 'demographic transition'?

The process of decreasing death rates and fertility rates, leading to a shift in population patterns.

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What is the effect of demographic transition on the global population?

Significant differences in life expectancy emerged between regions that have undergone demographic transition and those that haven't.

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How did the demographic transition impact the age structure of the developing world?

The decline of infant and child mortality rates led to a baby boom in the developing world, affecting the age structure of the population.

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Stage 1: Pre-industrial Society

Characterized by high birth and death rates, resulting in slow population growth. Food supply limits population size.

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Stage 2: Developing Country

Death rates fall due to improvements in sanitation, healthcare, and food supply, leading to rapid population growth.

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Stage 3: Birth Rate Decline

Birth rates decrease as society transitions from rural to urban, women's education rises, and contraception becomes accessible.

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Stage 4: Low Birth & Death Rates

Both birth and death rates are low, resulting in slow or even negative population growth. An aging population becomes an economic burden.

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Stage 5: Below-Replacement Fertility

Fertility rates fall below the level needed to replace the population, potentially leading to population decline.

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Dependency Ratio

The proportion of people not in the workforce (children and elderly) to those who are working.

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High Dependency Ratio

Indicates a large proportion of dependents (youth or elderly) relative to working-age individuals.

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Low Dependency Ratio

Indicates a smaller proportion of dependents (youth or elderly) relative to working-age individuals.

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Baby Boom

A period of significantly higher birth rates than usual, typically following a major event like a war.

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Infant and Child Mortality

The number of deaths of infants and children under the age of five per 1,000 live births.

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Fertility Rate

The average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime.

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Replacement Level Fertility

The number of children a woman needs to have to replace herself and her partner, keeping the population stable.

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Aging Population

A population with a high proportion of older people compared to younger people.

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Subsistence Agriculture

Farming just enough food to feed oneself and one's family. No surplus for sale.

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Population Growth Rates

Countries with intermediate fertility rates, like the US, India, and Mexico, are projected to experience a population growth of about 26%. Low-fertility countries, like China, Australia, and most of Europe, are expected to see a population decline of around 20%.

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Migration

The act of people moving from one location to another, particularly across administrative or international borders, often to find jobs or better life opportunities.

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Internal Migration

People moving within the borders of a single country, from one area to another.

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International Migration

People crossing international borders to live in another country.

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Immigrant

Someone who moves permanently to another country.

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Temporary Worker

Someone who works in a foreign country for a fixed period of time, usually at least 6 months.

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Illegal Immigrant

Someone who enters a country without legal permission.

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Family-Sponsored Migrant

Someone who moves to a country because family members have sponsored them.

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Refugee

Someone forced to flee their home country due to persecution, fear of violence, or other threats to their safety.

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Push Factors

Reasons that make people want to leave their current location, like poverty, war, or lack of opportunity.

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Pull Factors

Reasons that attract people to a new location, such as job opportunities, better living conditions, or freedom.

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Cultural Factor in Migration

Cultural differences, like political instability or a history of slavery, can force people to migrate from their home countries.

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Socio-political Factor in Migration

Socio-political factors, like war, oppression, and lack of rights, can force people to migrate.

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Environmental Factor in Migration

Ecological changes, like climate change or natural disasters, can contribute to people migrating.

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Remittances

Money sent by migrants to family members in their home country, which can reduce poverty and improve education.

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Study Notes

Global Media Cultures

  • Globalization and media are interconnected, shaping a "global village" as people connect through technology.
  • Media and transportation advancements spurred globalization in the 20th century.
  • Globalization, encompassing economic and political integration, has a cultural dimension with media central.
  • National media systems are becoming increasingly international, influenced by outside content and ownership.

Five Time Periods in the Study of Globalization and Media

  • Oral Communication: Language is the oldest form of media, facilitating cooperation and communication across cultures. Language and globalization are intertwined.
  • Script: Writing revolutionized information processing, collecting, manipulating, and disseminating knowledge across cultures. This included various written forms, such as wood, stone, bones, and papyrus.
  • The Printing Press: Mass production of printed matter standardized knowledge, challenged authority, and fostered literacy, contributing greatly to globalization.
  • Electronic Media: Broadcast and storage media (radio, television, etc.) revolutionized globalization, connecting people across distances. Television especially created a sense of global village by making visual communication accessible.
  • Digital Media: Computers and digital platforms (internet, social media) transformed cultural life by providing access to global information and fostering various interactions. This also highlights major companies involved in globalization (Microsft, Apple, Google, and Facebook).
  • Popular music mirrors and participates in globalization by reflecting cultural exchange and dynamics, demonstrating movement and resourcefulness.
  • "World music" is an industrial label for traditional music consumed globally.
  • Changes in musical culture are seen as an aspect of globalization, influencing institutions and social groups.

The Globalization of Religion

  • Globalization affects religion through responses and interpretations. Religious pluralism is encouraged by globalization.
  • Religions are less rooted to specific places due to diaspora and transnational ties.
  • Globalization provides opportunities for non-institutionalized religious expressions and for religion as a political/cultural resource.

Perspectives on Religion and Globalization

  • Modernist: Secularization will converge globally, leading to a single secular worldview.
  • Post-modernist: Rejects Enlightenment values, anticipating disappearance of traditional religions due to globalization's dismantling of structures, favoring individual expression.
  • Pre-modernist: (e.g., Pope John Paul II) Suggests globalization could engender secularization, but not a single, global worldview. Each religion will secularize uniquely.

Transnational Religion and Multiple Glocalizations

  • Religion's ability to shape different communities and connect with local relations is emphasized.
  • Transnational religion reflects both religious universalism and local particularism, potentially leading to universalism or particularism as central reference points for immigrant communities.
  • Religious institutions adapt and change via glocalization (a blend of globalization with locality) processes. Indigenization, Vernacularization, Nationalization, and Transnationalization are examples of such forms of glocalization and adaptation.

Global City: Definition and Concepts

  • A global city is a significant urban center boasting competitive advantages, functioning as a hub within a globalized economy.
  • Global cities primarily developed as economic centers (NYC, London, Tokyo) controlling world political economy.
  • Global cities are important nodes in global networks (production, finance, telcoms), and are impacted by global problems, leading to political challenges.

Indicators of a Global City

  • Seats of Economic Power: Major Stock Exchanges, and Headquarters of Corporations
  • Centers of Authority: Political Capitals (Seat of state power)
  • Centers of Political Influence: Host of Major International Organizations, and Headquarter locations.
  • Centers of Higher Learning and Culture: Intellectual/Publishing centers contributing to global knowledge and cultural products.
  • Economic Opportunities: Attractiveness for skilled labor, talents, and migration.
  • Economic Competitiveness: Factors like market size, purchasing power, and growth potential.

Cities as Engines of Globalization

  • Rapid urban growth is a dominant force worldwide.
  • Megacities (over 10 million) and regional conurbations are increasing, blurring cultural distinctions and challenging institutions.

Global Demography

  • Demography is the study of population size, density, fertility, mortality, growth, etc., considering social and economic conditions.
  • The demographic transition impacted population growth dramatically, resulting in an enormous gap in life expectancy between developed and developing countries.
  • Projections indicate massive future population shifts, with Africa projected to have greater population contribution in the future.
  • Age structure changes are anticipated, including shifts in dependency ratios.

Theory of Demographic Transition

  • The theory suggests a predictable four-or five-stage model for future population growth and changes in birth/death rates.
  • Stage 1: High birth and death rates, slow growth.
  • Stage 2: High birth rates, declining death rates, rapid population increase.
  • Stage 3: Declining birth rates, low death rates, slowing population growth.
  • Stage 4: Low birth and death rates, stable or slow growth.
  • Stage 5 (debated): Below replacement fertility, shrinking population.

Global Migration

  • Globalization facilitates migration, viewed as a movement from origin to destinations, across administrative or international borders.
  • Types: Internal (within a country) and international (across borders). Further sub-division includes permanent immigrants, temporary workers, illegal immigrants, family migrants, and refugees/asylum-seekers.
  • Reasons: Push and pull factors. People are pushed out of their current location, and pulled toward a destination by cultural, sociopolitical, environmental, and economic factors.
  • Impact: Can affect host country economies positively (workforce, consumption), sending countries positively (remittances), but also involves challenges (illegal immigration).

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Explore the interconnectedness of globalization and media in shaping a 'global village'. This quiz covers historical perspectives ranging from oral communication to the impact of the printing press on knowledge dissemination. Test your understanding of the cultural dimensions of globalization and the evolution of media.

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