Global Health Perspectives: Origin of Epidemiology
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Questions and Answers

What was the primary goal of the Indian Hospitals?

  • To conduct medical research on infectious diseases
  • To assimilate Indigenous Peoples into Canadian culture (correct)
  • To address the mental health needs of Indigenous youth
  • To provide equal healthcare opportunities for Indigenous Peoples

    • What is a key feature of social concepts of health that distinguishes them from individual-level factors?

  • They consider social, economic, cultural, political and historical factors (correct)
  • They are only applicable to low-income communities
  • They prioritize individual behavior change
  • They focus on genetic predispositions to disease

    • What is the diagram illustrating, in relation to SES and health?

  • The association between SES and health due to disparity in resource access
  • The fundamental cause theory (correct)
  • The emerging new factors that perpetuate the association between SES and health
  • The impact of individual risk behaviors on health status

    • According to Fundamental Cause Theory, what is the primary mechanism by which social inequalities lead to disease?

    <p>Knowledge and beneficial social connections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the fundamental cause theory, what is the primary driver of health disparities?

    <p>Disparity in access to resources such as money, knowledge, and power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the second essential feature of socio-economic status (SES) as a fundamental cause of health inequities?

    <p>It is determined by individual behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of the medical experimentation conducted in Indian Hospitals?

    <p>Patients often stayed sick or became sicker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mediating factor between SES and health outcomes, according to the diagram?

    <p>Intervening mechanisms such as beneficial social connections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying assumption of the fundamental cause theory?

    <p>That access to resources such as money, knowledge, and power is the primary driver of health disparities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the conceptual frameworks discussed in social concepts of health?

    <p>Social, economic, cultural, political and historical factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between SES and health, according to the fundamental cause theory?

    <p>SES is a determinant of health outcomes, regardless of individual risk behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the title of the theory proposed by Phelan and Link in 1995?

    <p>Fundamental Cause Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about the association between SES and health, based on the diagram?

    <p>The association is due to disparity in access to resources, which in turn affects intervening mechanisms and health outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between socio-economic status (SES) and health inequities, according to Fundamental Cause Theory?

    <p>SES is a fundamental cause of health inequities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered a founding father of epidemiology and germ theory?

    <p>John Snow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major factor in the development and expansion of public health practices and techniques?

    <p>Colonization, transatlantic slavery, and war</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a result of the exploitation and non-consent in data collection and extraction in the development of epidemiological tools and techniques?

    <p>Violence against marginalized communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a characteristic of stigmatizing discourses in public health?

    <p>Focus on physical, sexual, and moral hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of the widespread adoption of epidemiological tools and techniques in colonial infrastructure?

    <p>Formalized reporting and surveillance methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in the higher rates of tuberculosis among Indigenous Peoples in Canada?

    <p>Colonialism and systemic racism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate rate of tuberculosis per 100,000 people among Inuit populations in Canada?

    <p>72.2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common critique of the development of public health practices and techniques?

    <p>They have historically exploited and stigmatized marginalized communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a 'test population' in the context of colonial infrastructure and public health?

    <p>Indigenous Peoples in Canada</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the mapping of disease patterns in the development of epidemiological tools and techniques?

    <p>Development of modern public health surveillance systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common experience that can affect the health of certain groups, according to the Government of Canada?

    <p>Experiences of discrimination, racism and historical trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a social determinant of health, according to Dahlgren and Whitehead's 1991 model?

    <p>Air quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Health People 2030, which of the following is a social and economic influence on health?

    <p>Healthy behaviours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a social determinant of health that can affect Indigenous Peoples, according to the Government of Canada?

    <p>Indigenous status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Socio Ecological Models?

    <p>Individual and environmental determinants of health behaviours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Canadian Public Health Association (CPHA), which of the following is a social determinant of health?

    <p>Disability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of an ecological approach?

    <p>Biological determinism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a social determinant of health that can affect Black Canadians, according to the Government of Canada?

    <p>Race/racism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the World Health Organization, what shapes the circumstances in which people are born, grow up, live, work, and age?

    <p>A wider set of forces: economics, social policies, and politics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a social determinant of health, according to the CDC's SDOH model?

    <p>Physical environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of needle exchange programs?

    <p>To reduce the transmission of infectious diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Government of Canada, what is a social determinant of health that can affect LGBTQ individuals?

    <p>Experiences of discrimination, racism and historical trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a social determinant of health?

    <p>Education level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key assumption of a constructionist theoretical premise?

    <p>Ecological knowledge is constructed through social processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of a collaborative style in an ecological approach?

    <p>It fosters partnerships between individuals and their environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theorist's work is the basis for Socio Ecological Models?

    <p>Bronfenbrenner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Global Health Perspectives

    • The origin story of public health and epidemiology is often attributed to mapping disease in urban areas, but it is also deeply connected to colonization, transatlantic slavery, and war.
    • John Snow, a founding father of epidemiology, identified the Broad Street pump as the source of a cholera outbreak in London in 1858, using mapping and patterning of deaths.

    Development of Public Health

    • The development of epidemiological tools and techniques, including mapping disease patterns, identifying risk factors, and modern public health surveillance systems, was influenced by colonial infrastructure.
    • Stigmatizing discourses, such as racial purity and pollution, physical, sexual, and moral hygiene, were used to justify colonial and slavery practices.

    Case Study: Indigenous Peoples and Tuberculosis

    • Indigenous Peoples in Canada have a higher rate of tuberculosis, with rates of 0.5 per 100,000 for Non-Indigenous people, 72.2 per 100,000 for Inuit, 2.8 per 100,000 for Métis, and 13.6 per 100,000 for First Nations.
    • Indian Hospitals in Canada were racially segregated and provided differential treatment, with justification for isolation and assimilationist goals, leading to abuse, loneliness, and fear.

    Social Concepts of Health

    • Conceptual frameworks implicate social, economic, cultural, political, and historical factors in shaping the health of populations.
    • The Fundamental Cause Theory, proposed by Phelan and Link (1995), suggests that social inequalities are fundamental causes of disease, and that access to resources (knowledge, money, power, prestige, and beneficial social connections) is key to avoiding diseases.

    Fundamental Cause Theory

    • Socio-economic status (SES) is a fundamental cause of health inequities because it demonstrates four essential features: influencing multiple disease outcomes, being tied to multiple risk factors, association with health due to disparity in resource access, and new factors perpetuating the association between SES and health are constantly emerging.

    Socio-Ecological Models (SEMs)

    • Socio-Ecological Models (SEMs) are a formalized conceptualization of the individual and environmental determinants of health behaviors and public health outcomes.
    • Components of an ecological approach include interrelationships between individuals and their environments, social construction of ecological knowledge, collaborative style, and social processes.

    Social Determinants of Health

    • Social determinants of health are the circumstances in which people are born, grow up, live, work, and age, and the systems put in place to deal with illness.
    • These circumstances are shaped by a wider set of forces, including economics, social policies, and politics.
    • Social determinants of health include income, education, employment, childhood experiences, physical environments, social supports, and coping skills.

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    Description

    Discover the fascinating history of public health and epidemiology, from its roots in urban disease mapping to its connections with colonization, slavery, and war.

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