Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of border criminology as mentioned in the content?
What is the primary focus of border criminology as mentioned in the content?
Eastern Europe is often categorized alongside the Global South.
Eastern Europe is often categorized alongside the Global South.
True
What term describes the perception of Eastern Europe as uncivilized and a cultural curiosity?
What term describes the perception of Eastern Europe as uncivilized and a cultural curiosity?
Orientalization
Eastern Europe is described as being too rich to be a part of the _____ but too poor to be a part of the _____.
Eastern Europe is described as being too rich to be a part of the _____ but too poor to be a part of the _____.
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Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
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What is a common reason for forced returns of Polish citizens?
What is a common reason for forced returns of Polish citizens?
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Forced returns of Polish citizens are well discussed in Polish and EU public debates.
Forced returns of Polish citizens are well discussed in Polish and EU public debates.
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What two nationalities represent half of the EU forced returns?
What two nationalities represent half of the EU forced returns?
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Many Poles feel a sense of ________ after being deported, viewing it as a personal failure.
Many Poles feel a sense of ________ after being deported, viewing it as a personal failure.
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Match the consequences of forced returns with their descriptions:
Match the consequences of forced returns with their descriptions:
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What motivates many Polish citizens to plan to leave Poland again after deportation?
What motivates many Polish citizens to plan to leave Poland again after deportation?
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All Polish deportees are likely to stay in Poland after their return.
All Polish deportees are likely to stay in Poland after their return.
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What societal feelings are exacerbated among Polish returnees after deportation?
What societal feelings are exacerbated among Polish returnees after deportation?
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What has been the primary reason for the toughening of Polish migration law?
What has been the primary reason for the toughening of Polish migration law?
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The majority of expulsions in Poland from 2015 to 2021 were forced deportations.
The majority of expulsions in Poland from 2015 to 2021 were forced deportations.
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What term describes the practice of deporting individuals back to their home countries, often under pressure or force?
What term describes the practice of deporting individuals back to their home countries, often under pressure or force?
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The Polish migration law is heavily influenced by ______ policies.
The Polish migration law is heavily influenced by ______ policies.
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Match the following events with their corresponding descriptions:
Match the following events with their corresponding descriptions:
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Which of the following describes the general perception of Poles towards themselves in comparison to non-European migrants?
Which of the following describes the general perception of Poles towards themselves in comparison to non-European migrants?
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Poland is primarily an immigration country with a high number of non-European migrants residing there.
Poland is primarily an immigration country with a high number of non-European migrants residing there.
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What type of legal and social framework is reflected in Poland's treatment of migrants?
What type of legal and social framework is reflected in Poland's treatment of migrants?
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In 2020, approximately _____ million Poles lived abroad.
In 2020, approximately _____ million Poles lived abroad.
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Which group of migrants makes up a significant number in Poland as of early 2022?
Which group of migrants makes up a significant number in Poland as of early 2022?
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Match the following descriptions with the terms they relate to:
Match the following descriptions with the terms they relate to:
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Eastern Europe can be categorized as a region that embodies only a single national identity.
Eastern Europe can be categorized as a region that embodies only a single national identity.
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Poland serves as a transit country primarily for _____ seeking asylum.
Poland serves as a transit country primarily for _____ seeking asylum.
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Study Notes
Global Crimes (Border Criminology)
- This presentation examines global crimes through the lens of border criminology.
- The presentation, given by Valeria Ferraris, occurred on Thursdays and Fridays, from 2-4 PM.
Eastern Europe – Adrift Between the North and South
- The presentation argues that the categorization of Eastern Europe as either Global North or Global South is an oversimplification.
- Being a border country of the EU, Eastern European countries exhibit similarities with EU's southern states.
- Polish citizens also migrate to other parts of the EU (the North), highlighting their interconnectedness.
The East as an Analytical Perspective
- The binary division of the world into Global North and Global South originates from colonialism.
- This division is based on political assumptions, relying heavily on perception and imagination.
- Historically, Eastern Europe has been seen as uncivilized and culturally underdeveloped since the Enlightenment.
- During the Cold War, Eastern Europe was perceived as a threat, too rich to be part of the Global South but too poor for the Global North.
- There is no singular Eastern Europe; instead, there are diverse Eastern European countries on their way toward Europeanization.
The East as an Analytical Perspective (EU Belonging)
- Polish citizens living abroad are categorized into three groups: skilled workers and university students (positive), unskilled workers (problematic), and criminals or those with criminal justice system links (negative).
- These categories demonstrate a degree of stratification within Polish communities in the EU.
- Some Poles see themselves as part of a superior Western civilization, contrasting themselves with Belarussians and Ukrainians.
- Poles display a higher degree of otherness toward non-European migrants.
Eastern Europe as an In-Between Region
- Eastern Europe is positioned between the Global North and Global South, undergoing transformation but still in a liminal state.
- Citizens of Eastern EU countries face deportation practices akin to those in the Global South.
- Deportation is disproportionately levied upon post-2004 EU member citizens.
- Migrants are treated as inferior and outsiders, with legal frameworks and public perceptions reflecting prejudiced viewpoints.
Poland in the Realm of Migration
- Poland functions as both an emigration and immigration country.
- Poland has a large number of citizens living abroad (over 2 million).
- Poland hosts around 1.5 million Ukrainian migrants as of January 2022, along with other migrants from various countries.
- Poland also plays a role as a transit country, primarily for non-European asylum seekers.
Returns of Polish Citizens
- Poland remains an emigration country, with around 2.2 million Poles living abroad in 2020 (mostly in Germany, the UK, the Netherlands, Ireland, and Norway).
- Polish citizens return to Poland voluntarily or involuntarily (e.g., deported criminals and prisoners).
- Both voluntary and forced returns reflect the complex interplay of societal perceptions, legal frameworks, and individual circumstances.
Forced Returns of Polish Citizens
- Forced repatriation of Polish citizens occurs widely but often remains hidden.
- The returnees are often viewed negatively, labelled as “lazy” or “unlucky”, and are frequently stigmatized.
- Their experience includes harsher punishments than those for Polish citizens in their home countries.
- They often have limited access to rehabilitation services, and experience isolation and discrimination, worsening feelings of exclusion.
Forced Returns of Polish Citizens – After Return
- Returning Polish citizens often maintain or develop strong connections away from Poland and resist deportation.
- Many plan to leave Poland again to reside in another EU country due to better living conditions and avoiding the negative experiences faced in Poland.
- Reasons for staying include family ties, legal impediments, and a lack of desire for a new start.
Forced Returns of Polish Citizens – Consequences
- Forced returns negatively impact both the returnees and broader Polish society.
- Negative experiences in Western countries contribute to the feeling of exclusion and second-class citizenship, causing them to have unfavorable views of the EU and Western cultures.
- Reinforced feelings of victimhood and anti-immigration sentiments are also exacerbated.
Deporting Borders
- Polish immigration laws are completely dependent on EU policies, centering on security and control.
- Stricter migration laws since 2005 arose from EU demand, not social pressure.
- Poland possesses comprehensive tools for detention, deportation, and return policies with an often-unwelcoming asylum policy.
- Eurostat data reveals the effectiveness of Polish deportation mechanisms, but also significant voluntary return of Ukrainians (particularly during 2015-2021).
Deporting Borders (continued)
- Despite high claimed effectiveness of deportation mechanisms, forced returns of Ukrainians due to overstaying are a significant part.
- There has been a major reduction in asylum applications.
- The number of denied asylum applications fluctuated from 12,300 applications in 2015/2016 to 4,096 applications in 2019 and 2,803 in 2020.
Deporting Borders (continued)
- Militarization of the border between Belarus and Poland has generated tension, resulting in acts of violence.
- This was particularly prominent after the summer of 2020 and the February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
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Description
Explore the complexities of global crimes and the societal categorization of Eastern Europe. This quiz delves into border criminology and the oversimplification of Eastern European identities in relation to the Global North and South. Gain insights into historical perceptions and their impact on current dynamics.
