ALL of global crimes

Study Notes

Criminology is the study of crime as a social phenomenon encompassing law-making, law-breaking, and reactions to law-breaking.
Criminology lacks a distinct theoretical object and method.
Crime definitions are debated, with legal definitions focusing on law violations and sociological definitions focusing on crime as a social construction.
Crime is not an objective entity but a social construct influenced by various factors.
Conventional crime definitions often don't include new or less visible forms of crime.
Crime is relative, constantly changing, and influenced by societal values.

Crime is a contested concept, routinely used to describe behaviours that are highly debatable.
Legal definitions often fail to capture the historical, social, and economic contexts that shape criminalization.
The role of the state in defining crime is evolving due to globalization.

Criminalization is a selective process. Not all deviant behaviors are treated equally and certain behaviors are considered criminal, while others are not, depending on social, cultural, and historical factors.
The criminalization process is influenced by public opinion, media representations, and political contexts.

Criminalization of migration involves the merging of immigration law and criminal law, increasingly targeting migrants.
Externalization of migration control involves outsourcing border control to other countries.
The merging of migration laws and criminal laws enables various detention policies.
The processes behind crimmigration are selective, with some people being targeted and others aren't, regardless of their behaviours.
Criminalization of migration has increased in recent decades due to security concerns, economic issues and political pressures.

Use of sophisticated technologies such as drones, radars, biometric databases and AI in border control.
Creation of large-scale databases for the purposes of tracking, monitoring and managing persons.
Expansion of border policing activities with the formation of new police forces and increased surveillance efforts.
Increased border enforcement, including detention and deportation measures.

Detentions as a form of punishment, sometimes carried out in environments with poor living conditions, raising concerns for human rights violations.
Criminalization of migration causes physical and psychological harm to people, often with little oversight or accountability.

Political narratives around migration and legal issues.
Externalization of migration detention, using other countries to detain migrants.
Policies often ignore root causes of migration pressures and focus on containment instead.

Containment of migrants often occurs in geographically isolated locations with limited resources and human rights protection
Deportation processes can cause suffering and harm to individuals and families
Legal and political structures often allow for these practices to occur, despite criticisms.
Many countries outsource the management of border control to other countries or NGOs for financial or political reasons.

The Rohingya crisis illustrates how international conflicts and pressures can make migration potentially harmful for many groups of people.

Globalization has intensified migration, but also led to more stringent border controls.
This has resulted in the merging of migration and criminal law to address flows of people internationally.

Global mobility patterns often mirror existing inequalities.
Control measures imposed on migrants are often differentially applied based on factors like race and origin.

The concept of 'East' and 'West' are constantly evolving and socially constructed, and not always reflective of reality.
Stereotypes and categorizations often underpin understanding and experiences with migration flows.

Control and containment strategies for immigration often have unintended consequences, affecting local communities and migrant well-being.
Effectiveness of migration control can vary greatly depending on economic, political and social contexts.