Physiology Exam 3
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Questions and Answers

Match the gland with its function:

Hypothalamus = Maintains the body's homeostasis and regulates body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure Pituitary Gland = Composed of 2 lobes: the anterior, which secretes hormones involved in the body's growth and development; and the posterior, which secrets hormones that increase the reabsorption of water in kidneys Pineal Gland = Responsible for the production of melatonin Thyroid = Produces 3 major hormones: calcitonin, triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4), which help regulate the body's energy and metabolism Parathyroid = Secretes hormones necessary for calcium absorption Thymus = Controls production of T-cells (white blood cells) and plays a vital role in the body's ability to fight diseases Ovaries/Testes (Gonads) = The male and female reproductive organs release hormones responsible for blood circulation, mental vigor, and sex drive Pancreas = Aids in the digestion of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates and produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate the level of glucose in the blood Adrenal Gland = Produces hormones that allow the body to react to stress, such as adrenaline and cortisol

What is the master control system for the endocrine system?

  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary gland (correct)
  • Thyroid gland
  • Adrenal gland

    • What three factors do target cell activation depend on?

  • Blood levels of the hormone and relative number of receptors on the target cell
  • Affinity of receptors for the hormone and the size of the target cell
  • Blood levels of the hormone, relative number of receptors on the target cell, and affinity of those receptors for the hormone (correct)
  • The shape of the hormone and the color of the target cell

    • Why do hormones have different effects on different target cells?

    <p>Because there are different receptors, transduction pathways, and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of protein hormones?

    <p>Bind to receptor proteins on the cell membrane surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of steroid hormones?

    <p>They bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus and affect gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of amino acid derived or amine hormones?

    <p>Receptors are located on the cell surface and activate a second messenger cascade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are receptors for protein hormones typically located?

    <p>On the surface of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for protein hormones to initiate a cellular response?

    <p>The presence of signaling proteins inside the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can't protein hormones cross the plasma membrane?

    <p>Because they are hydrophilic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of proteins binding to receptors on the cell surface?

    <p>A secondary messenger cascade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of receptors for protein hormones?

    <p>To initiate a cellular response to protein hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hormone types with their mode of action:

    <p>Protein Hormones = Secondary Messengers triggers response in the cytoplasm of the cell Steroid Hormones = Affects gene expression (transcription and translation) Amino acid derived or amine hormones = Secondary Messengers effect the cell function by activating or inactivating enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pituitary hormone regulates the thyroid gland?

    <p>Thyrotropin (TSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for when two or more hormones produce the same effects in a target cell and their results are amplified?

    <p>Synergism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pituitary hormone is responsible for stimulating the mammary glands?

    <p>Prolactin (PRL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between testosterone and FSH in normal sperm production?

    <p>Permissiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for when a hormone opposes or reverses the effect of another hormone?

    <p>Antagonism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the respiratory system in terms of gas exchange?

    <p>To provide an extensive gas exchange surface area between air and circulating blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the four distinct processes of respiration?

    <p>Cellular metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between pressure and volume in the lungs, as described by Boyle's Law?

    <p>As pressure increases, volume decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During inspiration, what happens to the intrapulmonary pressure?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary muscle responsible for inspiration?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the air in the lungs during exhalation?

    <p>It moves outward due to the increase in intrapulmonary pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the exchange of gases between the blood capillaries and the alveoli in the lungs?

    <p>External respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation that describes the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature of an ideal gas?

    <p>PV = nRT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Dalton's law, what is the relationship between the gases in a mixture?

    <p>Each gas exerts a pressure independent of the other gases present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the amount of gas that dissolves in water?

    <p>The solubility of the gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for oxygen to diffuse from the alveoli into the blood?

    <p>A concentration gradient of oxygen from high in the alveoli to low in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the medulla oblongata in relation to breathing?

    <p>To send signals to the muscles that control respiration to cause breathing to occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Type II alveolar cells?

    <p>To secrete alveolar fluid containing surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the dorsal respiratory group?

    <p>To regulate normal breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of carbonic anhydrase in the red blood cells?

    <p>To convert carbon dioxide into bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What muscles are involved in active expiration?

    <p>The abdominal wall and internal intercostal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli?

    <p>100 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as bicarbonate ion?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ventral respiratory group responsible for controlling?

    <p>Expiration and active breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the plateau phase in cardiac muscle cells?

    <p>To prevent tetanus or contraction without relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells aid in contraction of the heart?

    <p>Smooth muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells spontaneously depolarize and set the heartbeat at a steady and predictable rate?

    <p>Pacemaker cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of gap junctions in cardiac muscle cells?

    <p>To allow ions to move from one cell to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fast response to blood flow regulation?

    <p>Vasodilation and decreased cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of intercalated discs?

    <p>To join neighboring cardiomyocytes together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of calcium in the action potential of cardiac muscle cells?

    <p>Causes the plateau phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels?

    <p>Endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the epicardium?

    <p>To cover the surface of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Purkinje fibers in the heart?

    <p>To facilitate rapid impulse conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of smooth muscle contraction?

    <p>Increase in cytosolic Ca++, leading to activation of myosin ATPase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the circulatory system's main pump?

    <p>To pump blood from the lower body to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of veins in the circulatory system?

    <p>To serve as a blood reservoir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of angiotensin on blood vessels?

    <p>Vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the control center for blood pressure?

    <p>Medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between blood flow and blood pressure?

    <p>Blood flow is directly proportional to blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of norepinephrine on arteriole diameter?

    <p>Constriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of smooth muscle in the circulatory system?

    <p>To maintain vessel tone and diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between blood flow and peripheral resistance?

    <p>Blood flow is inversely proportional to peripheral resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of erythrocytes in the blood?

    <p>To transport oxygen and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of thrombopoietin (TPO) in the body?

    <p>To stimulate the production of platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the precapillary sphincters in the arteriole?

    <p>To control blood flow to the capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of stopping bleeding, which involves three steps: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation?

    <p>Hemostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the kidneys in the production of erythrocytes?

    <p>To produce erythropoietin (EPO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of blood plasma?

    <p>90% water, 10% organic molecules and trace elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of platelets in the blood?

    <p>To form blood clots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of lymph?

    <p>It is a branching network filled with lymph fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the innate barrier defense?

    <p>To protect the body from pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the epidermis in the innate barrier defense?

    <p>To provide a physical barrier against pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lymph nodes in the immune system?

    <p>To filter and clean the lymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of phagocytes in the immune system?

    <p>To ingest foreign particles and cellular debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of interferons in the immune system?

    <p>To non-specifically defend against viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the complement system in the immune system?

    <p>To provide a major mechanism for destroying foreign substances in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of plasma cells in the immune system?

    <p>To secrete millions of antibodies that bind to antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cytotoxic T cells in the immune system?

    <p>To target and destroy damaged, virally infected, or cancerous cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of T helper cells in the immune system?

    <p>To release cytokines that help other immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the major functions of antibodies in the immune system?

    <p>To neutralize pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of disease transmission through which a disease is passed directly from one infected person or animal to another person or animal?

    <p>Direct transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a vector transmission method?

    <p>Insect bite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the pituitary hormones with their target organs/tissues:

    <p>Thyrotropin (TSH) = Thyroid Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) = Adrenal Cortex Follicle-stimulation hormone (FSH) = Gonads Growth Hormone (GH) = Entire body Prolactin (PRL) = Mammary Glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The five functions of the respiratory system listed above are accurate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences the diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the blood?

    <p>Concentration gradient = Oxygen diffusion from the alveoli into the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood into the alveoli requires a concentration gradient Pressure of oxygen = The pressure of oxygen in the alveoli must be kept at a higher level than in blood Tissue concentration = Oxygen diffuses from high in the alveoli to low in our tissues, and carbon dioxide diffuses from high in our tissues to low in our alveoli Carbon dioxide level = The concentration of carbon dioxide in the alveoli must be at a lower level than that in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is it true that the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen increases when there is an increase in temperature, a decrease in pH, and an increase in CO2?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Protein Hormone Receptors

    • Receptors for protein hormones are located on the cell surface.

    Initiation of Cellular Response

    • Signaling proteins are found inside the cell.
    • When protein hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface, it initiates a cellular response.

    Second Messenger Cascade

    • Proteins cannot cross the plasma membrane, which is why a second messenger cascade occurs.
    • The binding of proteins to receptors on the cell surface triggers a secondary messenger cascade.

    Pituitary Hormones

    • Thyrotropin (TSH) is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates the thyroid gland.
    • Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates the adrenal cortex.
    • Follicle-stimulation hormone (FSH) is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates the gonads.
    • Growth Hormone (GH) is produced by the pituitary gland and affects the entire body.
    • Prolactin (PRL) is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates the mammary glands.

    Hormone Interactions

    • Synergism occurs when two or more hormones produce the same effects in a target cell and their results are amplified.
    • Example of synergism: Epinephrine and norepinephrine separately increase heart rate, but together they produce an even greater increase.
    • Permissiveness occurs when a hormone cannot exert its full effects without the presence of another hormone.
    • Example of permissiveness: Testosterone aids FSH for normal sperm production.
    • Antagonism occurs when a hormone opposes or reverses the effect of another hormone.
    • Example of antagonism: Insulin and glucagon, released by the pancreas, have opposite effects on blood glucose levels.

    Respiratory System

    • Provides extensive gas exchange surface area between air and circulating blood
    • Moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs
    • Protects respiratory surfaces from outside environments
    • Produces sounds
    • Participates in olfactory sense

    Processes of Respiration

    • Pulmonary ventilation: air movement in and out of the lungs
    • External respiration: gas exchange between the lungs and the blood capillaries
    • Transport of gases: oxygen and carbon dioxide must travel to tissue cells of the body
    • Internal respiration: gas exchange from the blood of the capillaries to and from the cells of the body

    Boyle's Law

    • PV = nRT
    • Expresses the inverse relationship between pressure and volume
    • Expanded value will lower the pressure and allow air flow into the lungs through bronchial passages

    Inspiration and Expiration

    • Inspiration: diaphragm descends, rib cage rises, thoracic cavity volume increases, lungs are stretched, intrapulmonary volume increases, IPV pressure drops
    • Expiration: diaphragm relaxes, rib cage descends, thoracic cavity volume decreases, lungs are compressed, intrapulmonary volume decreases, IPV pressure increases

    Dalton's Law

    • Each gas in a mixture of gases will exert a pressure independent of other gases present
    • PO2 = 158.8 mmHg, PCO2 = 0.3 mmHg

    Henry's Law

    • The amount of gas that dissolves in water is determined by its solubility
    • O2 doesn't dissolve in water as well, CO2 dissolves better in water

    Diffusion of Gases

    • Occurs by simple diffusion
    • Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli
    • Requires a concentration gradient

    Normal Pressure Values

    • Oxygen: 100 mmHg alveolar, 100 mmHg arterial blood, 40 mmHg cells, 40 mmHg venous blood
    • Carbon dioxide: 40 mmHg alveolar, 40 mmHg arterial blood, 46 mmHg cells, 46 mmHg venous blood

    Respiratory Centers

    • Medulla oblongata: primary respiratory control center
    • Brain stem: controls breathing
    • Dorsal respiratory group: normal breathing
    • Pontine respiratory group: smooth transition between breathing in and out

    Alveolar Cells

    • Type I: simple squamous, gas exchange occurs
    • Type II: secrete alveolar fluid containing surfactant
    • Alveolar dust cells: remove debris

    Variables that Provide Information to the Respiratory Center

    • PO2, PCO2, pH

    Carbonic Anhydrase

    • Enzyme that converts CO2 into bicarbonate and H+
    • Makes it possible for us to have a buffer in our circulatory system

    ...### Cell Signaling Molecules

    • Aid cell-to-cell communication

    Methods of Disease Transmission

    • Direct Transmission: disease passed directly from one infected person or animal to another person or animal
      • Examples: person-to-person, droplet transmission
    • Indirect Transmission: disease passed from an infected person to another without direct contact
      • Examples: fecal-oral, airborne, fomites transmission
    • Vector Transmission: transmission requires another organism to transmit a disease from person to person or from animal to person
      • Examples: insect bite

    Pathogens

    Bacteria

    • Single-celled organisms classified by shape
    • Cause illness by destroying cells and releasing toxic chemicals

    Fungi

    • Can be multicellular or single-celled organisms
    • Reproduce via spores
    • Variety of shapes and sizes
    • Include yeasts and mold

    Parasites

    • Live on or in a host organism and get nutrients from or at the expense of the host
    • Can be found in soil, food, water, or surfaces contaminated with feces

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    Test your knowledge of human anatomy by matching the gland with its corresponding function. Identify the role of each gland in the human body.

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