Glaciation

False (B)

Last Glacial Maximum

<p>interglacial period</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Last Glacial Maximum = Peak of the most recent ice age Little Ice Age = Period of global cooling between 1300 and 1870 Interglacial Period = Period of warmer temperatures and glacial retreats Glacial Period = Period of colder temperatures and glacial advances</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sea levels fall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Alps</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arête</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>stoss</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corrie = A u-shaped valley formed by glacial erosion Glacial Trough = A steep-sided hollow eroded by glacial action Hanging Valley = A smaller u-shaped valley hanging above a larger one Drumlin = A long, tear-drop shaped mound of glacial till</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High biodiversity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solifluction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meltwater (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calving</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>kinetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accumulation = The loss of mass from a glacier Ablation = The addition of mass to a glacier Glacial Budget = The difference between accumulation and ablation Nivation = Erosion by snow and ice</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher temperatures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infraglacial (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dynamic equilibrium in glacial systems refers to a state of balance between processes such as accumulation and ablation. This balance is dynamic because the processes are constantly occurring and adjusting to maintain equilibrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kames are mounds of sorted glacial sediment, with the heaviest material at the base and finer sediment on top.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>meltwater</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cold temperatures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Terracettes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Open pingos form in areas of discontinuous permafrost, where water moves through unfrozen ground, while closed pingos form in areas of continuous permafrost, where ice lenses develop under frozen lakes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>sediment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Terminal moraine = Material deposited at the snout of a glacier Recessional moraine = Forms at the end of a glacier when it stays stationary for a time Kame = Mound of sorted sediment deposited by meltwater channels Esker = Long, winding ridge formed by the infill of a subglacial meltwater channel Outwash plain = A flat, sediment-covered area formed by deposition from meltwater</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Internal Deformation (A), Compressional Flow (B), Extensional Flow (C), Rotational Slip (D), Basal Sliding (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Equilibrium line</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>heightens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Internal Deformation = The deformation of layers of ice or individual ice crystals caused by the pressure from the weight of the ice. Compressional Flow = When ice hits a shallower gradient, friction causes the ice to slow down, build up and compress. Extensional Flow = When ice meets a steep downhill gradient, gravity forces the ice to increase in velocity. Rotational Slip = Compressed ice becomes trapped in a hollow, but gravity causes it to continue to move downwards. Basal Sliding = Glacier sliding over the bedrock due to meltwater lubrication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regelation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>glacial</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Volcanic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Striations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>basal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cirque = A bowl-shaped depression formed by glacial erosion Arete = A sharp, narrow ridge formed between two cirques U-shaped valley = A wide, flat-floored valley shaped by glacial erosion Moraine = A ridge or mound of glacial debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variations in Solar Output (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Holocene epoch</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maunder</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Magnetic storms and sunspots (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locations at the Earth's poles (high latitudes) within the Arctic Circle (66°N) and the Antarctic Circle (66°S)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>little</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Found above the tree line in mountainous regions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Warmer temperatures and a more active ecosystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>area</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variations in Solar Output = Short-term Earth's Eccentricity = Long-term Volcanic Eruptions = Short-term Earth’s Axial Precession = Long-term</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locations at the Earth's poles within the Arctic and Antarctic Circles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Terracettes (A), Solifluction Lobes (B), Thermokarst (D), Pingos (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alpine tourism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>human impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Terracettes = Terraces formed by frost heave and soil movement. Pingos = Mounds of ice-cored permafrost that can be quite large. Solifluction Lobes = Tongue-shaped lobes of soil that flow downslope due to thawing and gravity. Blockfields = Rock-strewn landscapes caused by extensive frost action. Thermokarst = Marshy, boggy wetlands formed by the melting of permafrost and ice lenses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slow nutrient cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>environmental fragility</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To survive extreme weather conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MS Explorer</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>solifluction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural disasters like earthquakes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cold environments are referred to as environmentally fragile due to their slow nutrient cycles, limited biodiversity, and the fact that small changes can have large and destructive impacts. Their delicate balance is easily disrupted, making them vulnerable to a wide range of threats like pollution, resource exploitation, and climate change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Catastrophic damage to the ecosystem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Melting</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oil spills = Ecosystem damage Mining = Wildlife displacement Overfishing = Food chain disruption Pollution = Habitat degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Widescale marine habitat damage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sustainable tourism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>albedo</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Invasive species = Species not native to an environment that disrupts ecosystems Climate change = Long-term alteration of temperature and typical weather patterns Sustainable tourism = Travel that preserves the environment Greenhouse effect = Warming of Earth due to trapped gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disrupts the food chain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased melting of ice</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>migration patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

Small, terrace-like landforms shaped by frost heave and soil thawing.

A dome-shaped hill formed by ice lenses beneath the ground.

Tongue-shaped soil masses that move down slopes when thawed.

Rock-strewn landscapes formed by frost action and weathering.

Marshy wetlands formed when permafrost melts and collapses.

Vulnerability of an environment to damage or change.

Plants and animals specialized to survive extreme conditions.

A process by which nutrients break down slowly in cold environments.

Limited variety of species leading to fragile ecosystems.

Direct and indirect effects of humans that harm these ecosystems.

Tourism in mountainous areas, often for skiing and snow sports.

Overuse of natural resources in polar regions, leading to habitat destruction.

Adventure tourism in fragile environments like Antarctica.

Soil expansion due to freezing and thawing, creating landforms.

Ground that remains permanently frozen below the active layer.

Release of oil into ocean causes ecological damage, especially in polar regions.

Mining operations damage ecosystems and scare away wildlife, often irreparably.

Fishing practices that do not deplete fish populations and maintain ecosystem health.

Fishing that occurs without regulations leading to overfishing and habitat damage.

Rise in Earth’s temperatures due to increased greenhouse gases, affecting cold regions.

Thawing of permanently frozen ground due to rising temperatures, releasing stored CO2.

Reflectivity of ice; less ice means more heat absorption by oceans.

Process where an effect causes more of the same effect, worsening the situation.

Non-native species that disrupt local ecosystems and harm native species.

Strategies to reduce the impact of climate change on vulnerable regions.

Responsible travel to fragile environments minimizing negative impacts.

International agreement to preserve Antarctica, banning mining and military activity.

Limits on the amount of fish that can be caught to ensure sustainable populations.

Visitors educated about their impact and involved in conservation efforts.

Legal frameworks established to protect wildlife and their habitats from exploitation.

Areas on the edge of cold environments like polar and alpine regions with permanently frozen ground (permafrost).

The top layer of permafrost that thaws during summer, allowing water to accumulate.

Processes involving snow and ice that lead to erosion, forming hollows in periglacial environments.

The slow mass movement of waterlogged soil down a slope, due to gravity.

The addition of mass to a glacier, primarily from precipitation like snow.

The loss of mass from a glacier, including melting and sublimation processes.

The mass balance of a glacier, calculated by the difference between accumulation and ablation.

Glaciers operate as natural systems with inputs, outputs, stores, flows, and energy exchanges.

Additions to the glacier, such as snow, hail, and eroded debris from other areas.

Mass or energy that leaves the glacier system, usually in the form of meltwater.

A state of balance in glaciers where accumulation and ablation processes are continual.

Components of glaciers, mainly ice, but also sediment and meltwater, found subglacial, englacial, or supraglacial.

Depressions formed by glacial erosion, often containing a lake called a tarn.

A sharp ridge formed between two corries where the back walls meet.

U-shaped valleys formed when a glacier erodes a V-shaped river valley.

Smaller U-shaped valleys formed by tributary glaciers, often with waterfalls.

Rock formations shaped by glacier movement, with a smooth stoss side and a rough lee side.

Flat areas formed from unsorted glacial debris deposited as ice melts.

Large boulders transported by glaciers, differing from local rock types.

Ridges of debris deposited by glaciers, classified into lateral, medial, and ground types.

Streamlined hills formed by glacial deposits, tapering from stoss to lee side.

Erratics can last long due to their size, resisting weathering.

Waterfalls that form where hanging valleys drop into larger valleys.

Corries last due to minimal erosion despite being shaped by glaciers.

The process where glaciers shape landscapes by removing material.

Geological activities that occur in cold regions, affecting landforms.

The area on a glacier where mass gain equals mass loss.

A process where one action triggers subsequent processes.

A process that amplifies an effect, leading to further enhancement.

A process that counteracts change, stabilizing the system.

Movement of ice layers caused by pressure from the glacier's weight.

Ice thickens when it encounters a shallower gradient, due to friction.

An increase in ice velocity on steep gradients, leading to thinning and crevasses.

Glacier movement over bedrock, facilitated by meltwater lubrication.

Slow movement of glaciers around large obstacles through plastic deformation.

Process where rocks freeze to a glacier and are pulled from the underlying surface.

Erosion caused by rocks embedded in a glacier rubbing against bedrock.

Area where temperatures remain low enough to sustain glaciers.

Geomorphological processes involving water's interaction with glaciers.

Erosion caused by the force of moving water.

Astronomical cycles affecting Earth's climate due to orbit changes.

Change in Earth's orbit shape from circular to elliptical every 96,000 years.

The shift in Earth's axial tilt between 21.8° and 24.4° every 41,000 years.

The gradual shift in the direction of Earth's axial tilt over 22,000 years.

Fluctuations in the sun’s energy output influenced by sunspots.

Explosive events that can cool global temperatures short-term.

Current geological era marked by minimal ice cover, lasting over 10,000 years.

Regions at Earth's poles where temperatures remain below 10°C in hottest months.

Slow nutrient cycles in polar areas lead to nutrient-poor soils.

Limited plant life, mainly mosses and lichens, due to harsh climate.

High-altitude regions above the tree line with fluctuating temperatures.

Characterized by significant seasonal temperature fluctuations and snowfall.

Fertile soils form from decomposed vegetation due to milder summer temperatures.

Animals migrate to higher altitudes to thrive in milder temperatures.

Consistently below freezing with little precipitation, affecting biodiversity.

A time with colder temperatures leading to glacial advances and lower sea levels.

A warmer time between glacial periods, causing glaciers to retreat and sea levels to rise.

The most recent major ice age, occurring from 2.5 million to 11,700 years ago.

The most recent period of glacial advance, around 21,000 years ago.

A period of global cooling from 1300 to 1870 affecting glacier sizes.

The patterns of temperature changes observed since the last glacial maximum.

The process of glaciers shrinking due to rising global temperatures.

The phenomenon when glaciers expand due to cooler global temperatures.

Forms at the glacier's end during a stationary retreat.

Material deposited at the glacier's snout on the valley floor.

Streams formed by glacial meltwater, very erosive.

Mounds of sorted sediment deposited by meltwater on glaciers.

Long, winding ridges formed from glacial meltwater channels.

Flat areas formed of sediments deposited by meltwater.

Surface pattern formed by frost heave of stones.

Wedges formed in the ground as ice expands and contracts.

Meltwater channels that split and rejoin, forming a braid-like appearance.

The process of water rising through small spaces in soil.

Channels that form beneath a glacier, transporting meltwater.

Pressure exerted by a fluid at rest due to its weight.

Fan-shaped deposits formed when a stream loses energy.