GIT Movements and Nerve Stimulation Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of gastrointestinal movement involves the process of passing food from the oral cavity into the stomach?

  • Stomach movements
  • Large intestine movements
  • Deglutition (correct)
  • Mastication

    • What role does parasympathetic stimulation play in the gastrointestinal tract?

  • Inhibition of motility
  • Increased secretory activity (correct)
  • Contraction of sphincters
  • Vasoconstriction

    • During which stage of deglutition does the swallow reflex get activated?

  • Oral stage
  • Esophageal stage
  • Mastication stage
  • Pharyngeal stage (correct)

    • What effect does sympathetic nerve stimulation have on gastrointestinal motility?

    <p>Inhibits motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of deglutition involves the promotion of food passage from the pharynx to the stomach?

    <p>Esophageal stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main voluntary movement phase in normal swallowing which humans can control?

    <p>Oral stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of saliva?

    <p>Facilitation of digestion of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimal pH for the action of salivary amylase (ptyalin)?

    <p>pH 6.8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following electrolytes is NOT present in saliva?

    <p>Calcium (Ca++)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the immunoglobulin present in saliva?

    <p>To act against bacteria in the mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of saliva?

    <p>Regulation of blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does saliva facilitate speech?

    <p>By moistening the mouth cavity, tongue and lips</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the stomach?

    <p>Storage, secretion, mixing, and emptying of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the vagus and intrinsic nerves in the stomach?

    <p>They mediate the receptive relaxation of the stomach to allow food storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of acid, fat, and distension in the duodenum with regards to gastric emptying?

    <p>They inhibit gastric emptying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of pepsin in the stomach?

    <p>It converts pepsinogen into its active form to initiate protein digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substances can be absorbed in the stomach?

    <p>Ethyl alcohol and aspirin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the involuntary stage that occurs due to the swallowing reflex?

    <p>Pharyngeal stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerves are involved in the efferent pathway during swallowing?

    <p>5th, 9th, 10th &amp; 12th cranial nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of vomiting?

    <p>To forcefully expel the contents of the stomach and proximal small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protective reflex prevents food from entering the nose during swallowing?

    <p>Elevation of soft palate to close nasal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the lower esophageal (or cardiac) sphincter during the esophageal stage?

    <p>Relaxing to allow food into the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of peristalsis moves food through the esophagus in the esophageal stage?

    <p>Primary peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the passage of a food bolus to the oesophagus during swallowing?

    <p>Contraction of superior pharyngeal constrictor muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the liver's role in carbohydrate metabolism according to the text?

    <p>Converting glycogen to glucose when blood sugar levels decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs when the blood sugar level increases in the liver's carbohydrate metabolism?

    <p>Conversion of glucose to glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the liver's function in protein metabolism as per the provided text?

    <p>Involvement in deamination and transamination of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the liver's roles in fat and hormonal metabolism based on the text?

    <p>Oxidizing fatty acids to produce energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the total blood volume does the liver store according to the information provided?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of hepatic macrophages (Kupffer cells) in blood filtration according to the text?

    <p>Phagocytize and digest bacteria in the portal blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Gastrointestinal Movement and Deglutition

    • Gastrointestinal movement that transfers food from the oral cavity to the stomach is known as swallowing (deglutition).
    • Parasympathetic stimulation enhances gastrointestinal activity, promoting digestion and increasing motility.
    • The pharyngeal stage of deglutition activates the swallow reflex.
    • Sympathetic nerve stimulation generally inhibits gastrointestinal motility, leading to decreased digestive processes.
    • The esophageal phase of deglutition involves moving food from the pharynx to the stomach.

    Phases of Swallowing

    • The voluntary phase of swallowing allows individuals to control the movement of food toward the pharynx.
    • Saliva plays multiple roles, but one of the following is NOT a function: storing nutrients.

    Saliva Composition and Function

    • The optimal pH for salivary amylase (ptyalin) activity is around 6.7 to 7.0.
    • The electrolyte fluoride is NOT present in saliva.
    • Immunoglobulin A (IgA) in saliva aids in immune defense by neutralizing pathogens.
    • Saliva facilitates speech by moistening the oral cavity, aiding in sound production.

    Stomach Functions and Mechanisms

    • The primary function of the stomach is digestion, breaking down food into a semi-liquid form.
    • The vagus nerve and intrinsic nerves regulate gastric functions, influencing motility and secretion.
    • In the duodenum, the presence of acid, fat, and distension slows gastric emptying to optimize digestion.

    Digestive Enzymes and Absorption

    • Pepsin in the stomach is a critical enzyme for protein digestion.
    • Substances like water, alcohol, and certain medications can be absorbed in the stomach.

    Reflexes and Nerve Involvement

    • The involuntary stage of swallowing occurs due to the swallowing reflex.
    • The efferent pathway during swallowing involves cranial nerves: trigeminal (V), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X).
    • Vomiting serves as a protective mechanism to expel harmful substances from the stomach.

    Protective Mechanisms

    • The uvula reflex prevents food from entering the nose during swallowing.
    • The lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter acts as a barrier to prevent the backflow of stomach content into the esophagus.

    Peristalsis

    • Primary peristalsis in the esophageal stage is responsible for pushing food through the esophagus.

    Liver Functions

    • The liver plays a vital role in carbohydrate metabolism, converting excess glucose into glycogen for storage.
    • When blood sugar levels rise, the liver converts glucose to glycogen (glycogenesis).
    • In protein metabolism, the liver synthesizes plasma proteins such as albumin and clotting factors.
    • The liver also participates in fat metabolism, including the conversion of fatty acids and the synthesis of cholesterol.
    • The liver stores about 10% of total blood volume at any given time.
    • Hepatic macrophages (Kupffer cells) are crucial for filtering blood, clearing pathogens and debris.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the movements of the gastrointestinal tract and the effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve stimulation on GIT activity. Learn about mastication, deglutition, and movements in the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

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