30 Questions
Which type of gastrointestinal movement involves the process of passing food from the oral cavity into the stomach?
Deglutition
What role does parasympathetic stimulation play in the gastrointestinal tract?
Increased secretory activity
During which stage of deglutition does the swallow reflex get activated?
Pharyngeal stage
What effect does sympathetic nerve stimulation have on gastrointestinal motility?
Inhibits motility
Which phase of deglutition involves the promotion of food passage from the pharynx to the stomach?
Esophageal stage
What is the main voluntary movement phase in normal swallowing which humans can control?
Oral stage
Which of the following is NOT a function of saliva?
Facilitation of digestion of proteins
What is the optimal pH for the action of salivary amylase (ptyalin)?
pH 6.8
Which of the following electrolytes is NOT present in saliva?
Calcium (Ca++)
What is the function of the immunoglobulin present in saliva?
To act against bacteria in the mouth
Which of the following is NOT a function of saliva?
Regulation of blood pressure
How does saliva facilitate speech?
By moistening the mouth cavity, tongue and lips
What is the main function of the stomach?
Storage, secretion, mixing, and emptying of food
What is the role of the vagus and intrinsic nerves in the stomach?
They mediate the receptive relaxation of the stomach to allow food storage
What is the role of acid, fat, and distension in the duodenum with regards to gastric emptying?
They inhibit gastric emptying
What is the function of pepsin in the stomach?
It converts pepsinogen into its active form to initiate protein digestion
What substances can be absorbed in the stomach?
Ethyl alcohol and aspirin
What is the involuntary stage that occurs due to the swallowing reflex?
Pharyngeal stage
Which cranial nerves are involved in the efferent pathway during swallowing?
5th, 9th, 10th & 12th cranial nerves
What is the purpose of vomiting?
To forcefully expel the contents of the stomach and proximal small intestine
Which protective reflex prevents food from entering the nose during swallowing?
Elevation of soft palate to close nasal cavity
What is the function of the lower esophageal (or cardiac) sphincter during the esophageal stage?
Relaxing to allow food into the stomach
What type of peristalsis moves food through the esophagus in the esophageal stage?
Primary peristalsis
What initiates the passage of a food bolus to the oesophagus during swallowing?
Contraction of superior pharyngeal constrictor muscles
What is the liver's role in carbohydrate metabolism according to the text?
Converting glycogen to glucose when blood sugar levels decrease
Which process occurs when the blood sugar level increases in the liver's carbohydrate metabolism?
Conversion of glucose to glycogen
What is the liver's function in protein metabolism as per the provided text?
Involvement in deamination and transamination of proteins
What is one of the liver's roles in fat and hormonal metabolism based on the text?
Oxidizing fatty acids to produce energy
What percentage of the total blood volume does the liver store according to the information provided?
10%
What is the function of hepatic macrophages (Kupffer cells) in blood filtration according to the text?
Phagocytize and digest bacteria in the portal blood
Test your knowledge on the movements of the gastrointestinal tract and the effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve stimulation on GIT activity. Learn about mastication, deglutition, and movements in the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
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