Gilded Age Politics Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following was NOT a cause of the Panic of 1873?

  • Increased money supply by the Treasury (correct)
  • Risky loans made by bankers
  • Depreciation of Greenbacks
  • Overproduction of mines, factories, railroads, and farm products

Who was the only Democrat elected president between 1860 and 1912?

  • Grover Cleveland (correct)
  • Rutherford B. Hayes
  • Chester A. Arthur
  • James A. Garfield

What was the name of the political machine that William "Boss" Tweed led?

  • The Republican Party
  • The Whig Party
  • The Democratic Party
  • Tammany Hall (correct)

Which of the following was a railroad scandal that occurred during the Grant administration?

<p>The Credit Mobilier Scandal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for the formation of a new political party in the election of 1872?

<p>Disgust with the Grant administration's scandals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Thomas Nast's role in bringing down William "Boss" Tweed?

<p>He was a cartoonist who used his art to satirize and expose Tweed's corruption. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main goal of the hard-money advocates during the Gilded Age?

<p>To limit the supply of paper money in circulation and favor the coining of gold and silver. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following events contributed to the rise of political machines during the Gilded Age?

<p>The Industrial Revolution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the late 19th century, what economic issues emerged from the rapid expansion of railroads?

<p>The expansion of railroads led to excessive competition and market instability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary motivation for the passage of the Pendleton Act of 1883?

<p>To address the perceived corruption and inefficiency of the spoils system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the significance of the Transcontinental Railroad?

<p>It facilitated the transportation of goods and people from the East Coast to the West Coast, significantly aiding westward expansion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the defining characteristic of the 'Second Industrial Revolution' as compared to the 'First Industrial Revolution'?

<p>The Second Industrial Revolution saw the emergence of new technologies like steel, petroleum, and electricity, while the First Industrial Revolution focused on textiles, railroads, iron, and coal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary method used by Andrew Carnegie to achieve dominance in the steel industry?

<p>Vertical integration, controlling every stage of production from raw materials to finished products. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the role of government in the rise of American industrialization?

<p>The government actively promoted industrial growth by providing subsidies, land grants, and protective tariffs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributed to the emergence of the United States as a leading industrial power in the late 19th century?

<p>A large, growing population, providing a substantial consumer base and a pool of labor. (A), An abundance of natural resources, fueling the growth of key industries, including steel and oil. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the impact of the Interstate Commerce Act of 1886?

<p>It granted the federal government the authority to regulate interstate commerce, including railroad rates. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890?

<p>It asserted that strikes were illegal in restraint of trade. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor was NOT a push factor for immigration to the United States in the late 19th century?

<p>Jobs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By 1900, what percentage of the U.S. population consisted of immigrants?

<p>15% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the major attractions for immigrants to come to America in the late 1800s?

<p>Land Availability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of immigrants is referred to as 'Old Immigrants'?

<p>Northern and Western Europeans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What refining process in the steel industry contributed to steel being stronger, lighter, and less costly?

<p>The Bessemer Process (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does vertical integration refer to in the context of Andrew Carnegie's steel production?

<p>Owning all stages of production from raw materials to finished products (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did John Rockefeller's method of horizontal integration function in the oil industry?

<p>By buying out competing firms to monopolize the market (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did some believe that the railroads required government regulation?

<p>To address perceived unfair pricing and monopolistic practices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of the Sherman Antitrust Act passed in 1890?

<p>It aimed to curtail the power of large trusts but was too weak to have significant impact (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with the economic philosophy that advocates for minimal governmental intervention in the economy?

<p>Adam Smith (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What industries were modeled similarly to the trusts formed during the late 1800s?

<p>Sugar, tobacco, leather, and meat (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes laissez-faire capitalism?

<p>It supports free markets with minimal government interference (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant factor of the nomadic lifestyle of Native American tribes?

<p>They required vast open plains for their lifestyle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the Dawes Act of 1887 on Native American lands?

<p>It led to more land being transferred to white settlers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event resulted in a significant defeat for U.S. forces during the Indian Wars?

<p>Battle of Little Big Horn (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of the assimilationists regarding Native Americans?

<p>To force the adoption of white culture. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which movement attempted to revive Native American customs and promote resistance against U.S. policies?

<p>The Ghost Dance movement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion can be drawn from the aftermath of the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890?

<p>It effectively ended the Indian Wars. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary purpose of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934?

<p>To promote the establishment of tribal cultures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What social consequence resulted from outbreaks of violence during the Indian Wars?

<p>Many tribes lost trust in the government to uphold treaties. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant factor that allowed cities to grow 'up' during urbanization?

<p>The use of better steel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a consequence of urbanization related to social structures?

<p>Segregation of workers by income (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What movement was associated with applying Christian principles to address social problems?

<p>Social Gospel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the major problems faced by cities due to urbanization?

<p>Insufficient city services (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which notable reformer established Hull House in Chicago?

<p>Jane Addams (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key argument presented by Henry George in 'Progress & Poverty'?

<p>Critique of wealth inequities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group was pivotal in advocating for women's suffrage during the reform movements?

<p>National American Women’s Suffrage Association (NAWSA) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)?

<p>Total abstinence from alcohol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did urbanization lead to regarding family structure in cities?

<p>Decreased family sizes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the impact of compulsory education laws during urbanization?

<p>Rise in public high schools (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gilded Age

Period marked by political corruption and economic growth in America (1870s-1900).

Forgettable Presidents

Presidents during the Gilded Age known for being ineffective.

Cleveland's Uniqueness

Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms as the only Democrat elected from 1860-1912.

Grant Administration Scandals

Major scandals, including Credit Mobilier and the Whiskey Ring during Grant's presidency.

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Tweed's Corruption

William 'Boss' Tweed was accused of stealing $25-$200 million from New York City.

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Election of 1872

Election marked by new party formation due to scandals during Grant's presidency.

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Panic of 1873

Economic crisis caused by overproduction and risky loans, leading to money supply issues.

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Hard-Money vs. Soft-Money

Debate over the backing of currency; hard-money favors gold/silver, soft-money favors paper.

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Stalwarts

A faction of the Republican Party that favored the spoils system.

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Half-Breeds

Republican faction led by James G. Blaine advocating for civil service reform.

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Garfield's Assassination

Led to the Pendleton Act reforming the spoils system to merit-based hiring.

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Pendleton Act

1883 law that reformed federal hiring using merit, not political affiliation.

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Transcontinental Railroad

A railway that linked California to the Union, authorized by the Pacific Railway Act of 1862.

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Interstate Commerce Act

1886 act aimed at regulating business practices, especially railroads.

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Vertical Integration

A business strategy used by Carnegie to control all aspects of production.

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Horizontal Integration

Strategy used by Rockefeller to control a single industry, like oil refineries.

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World's Columbian Exposition

A 1893 event in Chicago showcasing technological progress and culture.

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Push Factors of Immigration

Reasons that compel people to leave their homeland, like poverty and persecution.

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Pull Factors of Immigration

Reasons attracting immigrants to the U.S., including jobs and freedom.

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Old Immigrants

Immigrants from Northern and Western Europe, primarily Protestant.

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New Immigrants

Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, often different in culture.

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Bessemer Process

A steel refining process that uses air to remove impurities, making steel stronger, lighter, and cheaper.

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Railroad Regulation

Calls for government oversight due to unfair pricing and monopolistic behaviors in railroads.

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Antitrust Movement

Efforts to limit monopolistic practices and control trusts in various industries.

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Sherman Antitrust Act

1890 law aimed to curb monopolies but was too weak to be effective.

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Laissez-Faire Capitalism

An economic philosophy advocating minimal government intervention in markets.

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Adam Smith

Scottish economist known for his work 'The Wealth of Nations' advocating free market principles.

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Nomadic Lifestyle

A way of life characterized by moving frequently in search of food and resources.

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Buffalo Significance

Buffalo provided essential resources: food, clothing, shelter, and fuel for many tribes.

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Indian Wars

Conflicts between Native Americans and settlers as western expansion occurred.

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Sand Creek Massacre

A brutal attack in 1864 where U.S. forces killed many Cheyenne and Arapaho.

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Dawes Act

1887 law that aimed to assimilate Native Americans by allotting them individual plots of land.

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Wounded Knee Massacre

The 1890 incident where hundreds of Lakota were killed, marking the end of Indian Wars.

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Ghost Dance Movement

A spiritual movement among Native Americans aimed at restoring their culture and way of life.

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Indian Reorganization Act

1934 legislation that aimed to restore tribal authority and culture among Native Americans.

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Urbanization

The process of cities growing and developing due to an influx of population.

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Subways and Trolleys

Transportation systems that enabled urban expansion by connecting areas of a city.

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Ethnic Neighborhoods

Communities where people of similar backgrounds settle together in cities.

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Dumbbell Tenements

A type of apartment building designed to maximize space in crowded cities.

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Sanitation Issues

Problems related to cleanliness and public health in growing cities.

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Machine Politics

Political systems in cities run by bosses who exchange services for votes.

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Social Gospel Movement

A reform movement applying Christian ethics to social issues like poverty and labor.

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NAWSA

National American Women’s Suffrage Association, promoting women's right to vote.

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Compulsory Education Laws

Laws requiring children to attend school to ensure education for all.

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Temperance Movement

Movement advocating for the reduction or prohibition of alcohol consumption.

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Study Notes

Gilded Age Politics

  • The Gilded Age was an era of "forgettable presidents," including Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, and Harrison.
  • Grover Cleveland was the only exception, serving two non-consecutive terms.
  • Only a democrat was elected president between 1860 and 1912.
  • Political scandals occurred during Grant's administration, including the attempt to corner the gold market in 1869 by Gould and Fisk.
  • The Credit Mobilier and Whiskey Ring scandals also occurred, involving railroad and tax fraud respectively.
  • William "Boss" Tweed led Tammany Hall, New York City's Democratic Machine, and was brought down by Thomas Nast's cartoons.
  • Nast's cartoons exposed corruption involving millions of dollars.

Election of 1876

  • Rutherford B. Hayes, Republican, won the election, but amidst allegations of fraud.
  • The Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction.
  • Federal troops were removed from the South officially marking the end of Reconstruction.

Civil Rights

  • The 14th Amendment, despite prohibiting government violations, did not stop the emergence of segregation.
  • Plessy v. Ferguson and Jim Crow Laws were established legalizing segregation in the South.

The Panic of 1873

  • Causes included overproduction of goods, risky loans, and economic depression.
  • The result was a shift to hard-money policies, which reduced available money.
  • The Panic of 1873 led to a new political party.

Corruption in the Grant Administration (2 examples)

  • Credit Mobilier (1872): Government officials were bribed to approve inflated railroad contracts.
  • Whiskey Ring (1875): Government officials and distillers defrauded the government of alcohol taxes.

Reasons for Intense Political Partisanship During the Gilded Age

  • Economic Inequality: The great divide between the rich and working class.
  • Civil War & Reconstruction: Unresolved issues and continuing tensions over civil rights and Southern resistance.

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