Unit 8 Notes Combined PDF

Gilded Age Politics APUSH Chapter 23 The Gilded Age Era of the “forgettable presidents” Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, and Harrison Cleveland is the only exception -Only one to serve 2 non-consecutive terms -Only Democrat elected be...

Gilded Age Politics APUSH Chapter 23 The Gilded Age Era of the “forgettable presidents” Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, and Harrison Cleveland is the only exception -Only one to serve 2 non-consecutive terms -Only Democrat elected between 1860 &1912 Election of 1868 Political Events during Reconstruction Scandals of Grant Administration Gould & Fisk Tried to corner the gold market in 1869 Credit Mobilier Railroad scandal Whiskey Ring Robbed excise tax revenues William “Boss” Tweed Leader of Tammany Hall, New York City’s Democratic Machine Brought down by Thomas Nate’s cartoons Accused of stealing $25-$200 million from New York City Think, Write, Share In the following four cartoons please analyze each one and the message Thomas Nast is trying to send through the cartoon by writing a couple of sentences. Explain how Nast uses a humorous twist to explain something that was deadly serious in New York City life. Cartoon#1 _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Cartoon#2 _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Cartoon #3 _____________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Cartoon #4 _____________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Election of 1872 New party formed in response to scandals (disgust w/Grant’s Administration) Grant won, but made changes Panic of 1873 Causes Overproduction of mines, factories, railroads, and farm products Bankers made risky loans Depreciation of Greenbacks Resulted in hard-money advocates (coining gold or silver, not minting paper) Treasury decreased money available Hard-money advocates pleased; soft-money advocates were not Think, Write, Share Identify 2 examples of corruption in the Grant Administration and write the reason for intense political partisanship during the Gilded Age (3 items). Two Examples of Corruption in the Grant Administration: 1.​ Credit Mobilier Scandal (1872): Government officials and Congress members were bribed to approve inflated railroad contracts. 2.​ Whiskey Ring (1875): Government officials and distillers conspired to defraud the government of alcohol taxes. Reasons for Intense Political Partisanship: 1.​ Economic Inequality: The divide between rich elites and workers fueled partisan conflict. 2.​ Civil War and Reconstruction: Ongoing tensions over civil rights and Southern resistance deepened divisions.  3.​ Corruption and Patronage: Political patronage systems led to competition for power and government jobs. Election of 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes, Republican Samuel Tilden, Democrats (Tilden) Won the popular vote, but lost the election Election fraud charged- Hence “Rutherfraud” Compromise of 1877 Hayes became president in return for withdrawing federal troops from the south Officially ended Reconstruction “Rutherfraud” B. Hayes Pres. 1877-1881 Civil Rights 14th amendment only prohibited government violations Plessy v. Ferguson “Separate but equal” railroad accommodations Legalized segregation- in public places throughout the entire South Jim Crow Laws Literacy Tests and Poll taxes Think, Write, Share Describe how the end of Reconstruction led to the loss of black rights and the imposition of the Jim Crow system of segregation in the South. The end of Reconstruction in 1877 allowed Southern states to regain control and pass Jim Crow laws, enforcing racial segregation. Federal protections for African Americans were removed, and practices like poll taxes and literacy tests were used to disenfranchise black voters, leading to the loss of rights and the establishment of a segregated South. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 1st significant law restricting immigration into the U.S. 10 year moratorium on Chinese immigration Renewed in various forms until 1943 In effect from 1880s to WWII! Also restricted Chinese already in U.S. Think, Write, Share Explain the rise of class conflict between business and labor in the 1870s and the growing hostility to immigrants, especially the Chinese. In the 1870s, business owners prioritized profits, leading to poor conditions for workers and labor unrest. At the same time, Chinese immigrants were seen as job competition, leading to hostility and discriminatory laws like the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. Republican Factions “Stalwarts” Roscoe Conkling Favored spoils system “Half-Breeds” James G. Blaine Favored Civil Service Reform Think, Write, Share Describe why President Garfield’s assassination led to a federal law to reform the spoils system. Garfield’s assassination by a rejected office seeker highlighted the dangers of the spoils system. In response, the Pendleton Act of 1883 was passed to reform federal hiring based on merit, not political loyalty. The Rise of Industrial America 1865-1900 APUSH Chapter 24 Big Picture Question How did the modern American economy emerge after the Civil War and what role did government play in aiding its emergence? Factors that made U.S. leading industrial power Abundance of natural resources Large, growing population Advanced transportation network Capital for investment Favorable government policies Talent and innovation Railroads 1st “big business”-had greatest impact on U.S. economic system Early development-Eastern trunk lines Western Railroads Made possible by federal land grants & loans Played major role in western development Transcontinental Railroad 1862 Pacific Railway Act authorized construction to link California to Union Union Pacific RR built westward from Omaha, NE Central Pacific RR built eastward from Sacramento, CA Competition & Consolidation Economic problems emerge by 1870s & 1880s Panic of 1893 bankrupted ¼ of railroads – others consolidated Less competition means stability & opposition Government Attempts at Regulation Farmer’s organize to protest unfair practices State Grange laws regulate monopolies Supreme Court decisions Interstate Commerce Act (1886) 1st attempt by federal government to regulate business Industrial Empires “Second Industrial Revolution” occurred after the Civil War Growth in heavy industry & production of steel, petroleum, electric power & machinery 1st & 2nd Industrial Revolutions 1st Industrial Revolution: TRIC Textiles Railroads Iron Coal 2nd Industrial Revolution: ROSE Railroads Oil Steel Electricity Steel Industry Technological advances & abundant resources Carnegie used vertical integration U.S. Steel-world’s largest enterprise Oil Industry Oil 1st drilled in U.S. in 1859 In 1863, John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil Employed horizontal integration Trust controlled more than 90% of oil refinery business Think, Write, Share 1. What specific refining process of the steel industry caused steel to be stronger, lighter and less costly? _____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Describe briefly the process of vertical integration as mastered by Andrew Carnegie in the steel industry. (Describe the different steps.) _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Describe briefly the process of horizontal integration as mastered by John Rockefeller in the oil industry. (How does it work?) _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Describe one reason why many thought the railroads would have to be regulated by the government. _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 1.​ The Bessemer Process made steel stronger, lighter, and less costly by using air to remove impurities.​ 2.​ Vertical integration: Carnegie controlled every step of steel production, from raw materials to finished products.​ 3.​ Horizontal integration: Rockefeller bought out competitors to dominate the oil industry, creating monopolies.​ 4.​ Many believed railroads needed regulation due to unfair pricing and monopolistic practices.​ Antitrust Movement Other industries organized into trusts-sugar, tobacco, leather and meat By 1880’s many came to fear trusts and sought ways to control them Sherman Antitrust Act passed in 1890 to stop development of trusts, but too weak to have much impact Laissez-Faire Capitalism Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations- 1776 - Scottish economist-never been to the U.S.A. “invisible hand” would regulate business Social Darwinism “survival of the fittest” in the marketplace Gospel of Wealth Duty to be rich Responsibilities of the rich Adam Smith- The Invisible Hand-Summarize his idea briefly Adam Smith's Invisible Hand suggests that individuals pursuing their own self-interest in a free market unintentionally benefits society by promoting efficiency, innovation, and wealth, as if guided by an unseen force. Technology & Innovations Telegraph 1844 Typewriter 1867 Inventors Thomas_Edison, George Westinghouse Think, Write, Share Of the several inventions of the Gilded Age which one are you the most appreciative of for personal use? Which one helped to grow the American economy more than any other? I appreciate the telephone for personal use, as it revolutionized communication. The railroad likely helped grow the American economy the most by connecting markets and resources across the country. Mass Merchandising Growing factory output led to need for method of selling merchandise to public R.H. Macy, Marshall Field & Frank Woolworth opened stores nationally Sears, Roebuck & Montgomery Ward sold goods even to the most remote locations Impact of Industrialization By 1890, richest 10% controlled 90% of nation’s wealth By 1900 2/3 of working Americans were wage earners Women had new opportunities in clerical work, but still only 1in 5worked outside the home Inferencing exercise: What is this cartoon suggesting about labor and what is it saying about management? That management is treating their employees like slaves while they slouch around, using them for themselves and to make money. Labor Unrest and Organization Factory work was long, hard, dangerous & low-paying for many Large supply of labor gave management the advantage “You don’t like this job? Then get lost. There are 16 people outside waiting to take your place.” Employers had many ways of defeating unions & won most battles before 1900 Labor Unrest and Organization National Labor Union (1866) Knights of Labor (1869) American Federation of Labor (1886) Labor Unrest and Organization Great Railroad Strike of 1877 (Baltimore & Ohio Railroad) Homestead strike (1892)(Pennsylvania Steel Plant) Pullman strike (1894) (Chicago Pullman Car factory) Each time the government took the side of business. (Either by ordering in Federal troops or court decisions asserting that strikes were illegal in restraint of trade –Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890) The Growth of Cities and American Culture, 1865-1900 APUSH Chapter 25 Big Picture Questions: To what extent did immigration to the United States in the late 1800s and early 1900s change American economics, politics and society? How did urbanization and industrialization bring about social and cultural changes? Chicago 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition ​ 12 million people visited to see progress of civilization. New technologies and urban growth Skyscrapers Trolleys Elevators U.S. Population increased 3X from ​ 23.2 million in 1850 ​ 76.2 million in 1900 ​ U.S. population is at about 300 million today. A Nation of Immigrants Growth of immigration ​ By 1900 almost 15% of population were immigrants ​ Push factors ​ Poverty ​ Overcrowding ​ Unemployment ​ Religious Persecution A Nation of Immigrants: Pull Factors Freedom “America Fever” ​ Jobs ​ Land Availability Large steamships & relatively inexpensive passage in “steerage” A Nation of Immigrants “Old Immigrants” ​ Northern & Western Europeans ​ British, Germans, Scandinavian ​ Protestant Majority A Nation of Immigrants “New Immigrants” ​ Southern and Eastern Europeans e.g. Italy, Russia ​ Comprised 66% of immigrant population in the early 1900s ​ Poor, illiterate in their own language ​ Catholic, Jewish, Eastern Orthodox ​ Unaccustomed to democracy A Nation of Immigrants: American Reactions Nativism reemerges ​ Openly prejudiced against Catholics and Jews ​ Labor Unions ​ Feared cheap immigrant labor ​ Saw immigrants as foreign agitators ​ Social Darwinists ​ Saw new immigrants as socially inferior to older Anglo-Saxons ​ Laws restricted convicts & “mentally incompetent” ​ Immigrants arrived at Ellis Island (N.Y.C.) & Angel Island (San Francisco) ​ Medical exams, document exams, entry tax ​ After 1917 also required a literacy test Urbanization Developed simultaneously & in relation to industrialization Movement to the cities ​ By 1900: 40% of Americans lived in towns ​ By 1920 for the 1st time, more Americans lived in urban than rural areas ​ “Great Migration”: 2 million African Americans left the South for northern & western cities from 1900-1930 Inferencing: What is the image here suggesting about this cleaning product? Have you ever seen an advertisement like this during your lifetime? That America is “cleaning” out the immigrants. The colorful and eye-catching style, yes, but they promote the actual product more than using a metaphor with people. Inferencing: What does the body language of the men on the dock suggest about how they feel towards the immigrant? What are the shadows behind the men on the dock representing? How is this cartoon exposing hypocrisy? The men feel they are better than the immigrant. Shadows behind them, if I had to guess, represent how they started out before or at the beginning of their stay. It shows they are hypocritical because of how they are treating immigrants who are of the poverty when they started out similar to them. Urbanization Changes to cities ​ Growing “out” ​ Subways, trolleys, elevated railways allowed this ​ Separated workers by income ​ Growing “up” ​ Increasing land values led to taller buildings ​ Skyscrapers made possible by better steel Urbanization ​ Ethnic neighborhoods ​ Tenement Construction ​ “Dumbbell tenements” ​ Settled with those of similar backgrounds Urbanization Problems ​ Sanitation ​ Health issues ​ Overcrowding ​ City services insufficient ​ Zoning Suburbs develop Escape from urban conditions Abundant land at low cost Low-cost construction Ethnic & racial prejudice Desire for privacy, detached houses, yards Urbanization Machine politics ​ Controlled political parties in major cities; each had a “boss” ​ Services in exchange for political support ​ Helped immigrants assimilate ​ Graft & Fraud cost taxpayers millions Reform Movements: Social Criticism Social criticism ​ Encouraged public to support more government regulation of buisness & to join reform movements ​ Henry George, Progress & Poverty ​ A look at laissez faire capitalism ​ Called attention to inequities in wealth ​ Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward, 2000-1887 ​ Envisioned future era without poverty, greed, or crime Reform Movements Social gospel (Christian Socialism) ​ Application of Christian principles to social problems ​ God’s kingdom on earth through social justice ​ Hell’s Kitchen Settlement houses ​ Jane Addams: Hull House in Chicago ​ Workers were politically active o​ Child labor laws o​ Housing Reform o​ Women’s Rights Reform movements Religion & society ​ Immigration brings changes ​ More Jews & Catholics ​ Christians adapt to urban needs ​ Dwight Moody ​ Urban evangelistic crusades ​ Salvation Army ​ Challenges to Christianity ​ Darwin’s writings ​ Literal Biblical interpretation ​ Led to split between fundamentalists & modernists Reform Movements Changes for women ​ Family life ​ Decreasing family size ​ Lack of extended family in cities ​ Working women married & had children later ​ Suffrage ​ National American Women’s Suffrage Association formed (NAWSA) ​ Wyoming gave women the right to vote in 1869 Reform movements Temperance & morality movements ​ Women saw alcohol as cause of poverty (the abuse of it) ​ Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) founded in 1874 ​ Advocated total abstinence from alcohol ​ Carrie Nation used hatchet to close down saloons Intellectual & Cultural Movements ​ Compulsory education laws ​ 90% literacy by 1900 ​ Public high schools common ​ Colleges ​ Land grant colleges ​ Universities founded by wealthy philanthropists -Carnegie Mellon (Pittsburgh) -Stanford (San Francisco) -University of Chicago ​ New women’s colleges ​ Began to encourage a wide variety of courses Intellectual & Cultural Movements New Social sciences ​ Application of scientific method & evolutionary theory to human affairs ​ Psychology, Sociology, Political Science ​ Oliver Wendell Holmes: applied to law ​ Clarence Darrow: criminal behavior could be caused by environment ​ W.E.B. Dubois advocated full rights for blacks ​ Integrated schools & equal access to higher education Intellectual & Cultural Movements Literature & the arts ​ Realism replaces romanticism in literature ​ Portray the harshness of life (Mark Twain)(William Dean Howells) ​ Naturalism ​ Described how emotions & experience shaped human experience ​ Painting: Realism & Romanticism ​ Winslow Homer ​ Mary Cassatt ​ James McNeil Whistler Intellectual & Cultural movements ​ Architecture ​ Frederick Law Olmstead: Central Park & “father of landscape architecture” ​ Louis Sullivan: “father of skyscrapers” ​ Music ​ City concerts ​ Jazz began to develop in New Orleans Think, Write, Share: What parts of the Dallas neighborhoods do you like to go to the most? Why do you enjoy them? Popular spots in Dallas include Deep Ellum for arts and music, Klyde Warren Park for outdoor activities, and Bishop Arts District for its shops and cafes. People enjoy them for their vibrant atmosphere and variety of entertainment. Intellectual & Cultural Movements Popular culture ​ Yellow journalism: sensationalism to distort the truth ​ Joseph Pulitzer & William Randolph Hearst ​ Growth of Spectator sports & Amusement parks ​ Amusement Parks: Coney Island & Atlantic City ​ Baseball(Got from context)-Already a national pastime by the Civil War ​ 1st collegiate football game in 1869; pros in 1920’s ​ Basketball invented in 1891- James Naismith- Springfield, MA ​ Boxing Think, Write, Share 1. Describe one way that urban Christianity was changing during the Gilded Age. 2. What did Carrie Nation do and why was she so radical? 3 Describe one architectual or landscape innovation from this time. 4. Name one sport that took root in American cultural life in the Gilded Age 1.​ Urban Christianity during the Gilded Age became more focused on social justice, with churches supporting reforms for the poor and advocating for better living conditions.​  2.​ Carrie Nation was known for violently protesting alcohol consumption by smashing saloon windows with a hatchet. She was radical due to her extreme actions and her push for Prohibition.​ 3.​ Central Park in New York City was a key landscape innovation, providing a large, designed green space in an urban environment.​ 4.​ Baseball grew in popularity during the Gilded Age and became a major part of American cultural life.​ The Great West, Agricultural Revolution, & the Rise of Populism: 1865-1896 APUSH Chapter 26 Settlement of the last frontiers Mining frontier: gold & silver discoveries Gold discovered in CA in 1848 Silver in several states in the west: ​ Pike’s Peak in 1859: 100,000 miners to CO ​ Comstock Lode in NV Settlement of the Last Frontiers Settlement patterns followed the CA gold rush ​ Individuals ​ Heavy equipment & investors ​ Boomtowns ​ Mining Companies Led to the Chinese Exclusion Act Impact of mining on the west ​ Currency issues ​ Environmental damage ​ Forced Natives off land Settlement of the last frontiers Cattle Frontier Eastern demand for beef ​ Railroads opened eastern markets to TX cattle ​ Cowboys began to drive cattle along Chisholm & Goodnight Loving Trails Cattle drives ended in 1880s Settlement of the last frontiers Farming Frontier Homestead Act of 1862 ​ 160 acres of land for anyone who would settle for 5 years Prairie life was challenging and difficult. Innovations helped make farming more successful Turner’s Frontier Thesis End of the frontier (1889-1890) Frederick Jackson Turner essay “The Significance of the Frontier in American History” (1893): Frontier experience shaped unique American character ​ Independence & Individualism ​ Broke down class distinctions & fostered democracy ​ Inventive & Practical ​ Caused wastefulness & neglect of environment Think, Write, Share In your own words summarize the essence of Turner’s Frontier Thesis? Turner’s Frontier Thesis argues that the American character and democracy were shaped by the existence of a frontier, where settlers faced challenges that promoted individualism, innovation, and self-reliance. As the frontier closed, Turner suggested that this unique force in American development was gone, potentially altering the nation's future. Removal of Native Americans Nomadic lifestyle of many tribes required vast open plains No concept of land ownership; rejected the idea of formal authority or defined boundaries Buffalo was source of food, clothing, fuel, & shelter Removal of Native Americans Jackson saw all of trans-Mississippi as “Indian Country” open to natives By mid-1850’s settlers moved into western areas requiring defined reservations Violence Erupts Indian Wars increased as westward movement increased Sand Creek Massacre 1864 Violence Erupts Little Big Horn 1876 ​ Discovery of gold in SD ​ Sioux led by Sitting Bull & Crazy Horse destroyed George Custer’s entire unit ​ Chief Joseph tried to take his band of Nez Perce to Canada, but was forced to surrender in 1877 Policy Changes Wars led to government efforts to isolate natives on smaller reservations Many tribes were disillusioned with government’s failures to uphold treaties Young warriors began to denounce them and made efforts to return to ancestral lands Policy Changes Assimilationists wanted Native Americans to give up traditions & adapt to white culture Dawes Act 1887 (For Blank:Homestead Act) Reservations broken into 160 acre plots Had to live on land for 25 yrs. to own land and become U.S. citizens Results of the Dawes Act More land went to whites Disease & starvation reduced Indian populations Ghost Dance movement attempted to revive customs & encourage resistance Wounded Knee massacre in 1890 ended Indian Wars Aftermath In 1924, U.S. granted all Native Americans citizenship even if they had not met requirements of the Dawes Act 1934 Indian Reorganization Act promoted reestablishment of tribal culture Today there are more than 2 million Native Americans Think, Write, Share Where does your food come from? Have you ever physically been to a place similar to where the food you ate today came from? (E.g. cornfield, vegetable farm, slaughterhouse) Have you ever met your food before eating it? My food typically comes from farms, factories, or markets, depending on the type of food. I’ve visited a farm where vegetables were grown, but I haven’t directly been to a slaughterhouse or seen animals before eating them. While I’ve seen where some of my food is grown, I haven’t met it in the way people might encounter animals or crops before they’re processed. Tariffs & Money Supply Tariffs differentiated parties & regions ​ Democrats vs. Republicans ​ Western farmers vs. Eastern capitalists Debate over the money supply “soft” or “cheap” vs. “hard” money Cheap Money v. Hard Money Silverites (Bryan) Favored by debtors, especially farmers More money in circulation Bimetallism Higher prices-inflation Value of money decreases-loans repaid w/ cheaper money More people have more money Gold Bugs (McKinley) Favored by creditors, especially bankers Less money in circulation Gold Standard Lower prices-deflation Value of money increases-loans repaid w/ stable money Fewer have money The End of Gilded Age Politics 1888 election Cleveland (Dem) Harrison (Rep) Billion Dollar Congress McKinley Tariff ​ Raised tariffs to highest level ever ​ Hurt farmers Economic Problems for Farmers Falling prices for farm products High costs blamed on trusts and railroads Taxes and tariffs favored the merchants and industrialists Restriction of paper money hurt debtors-farmers favored “cheap money” Farmers Organize National Grange Movement Social & Educational org. at first; developed into political action Farmers’ Alliances Formed in west & south to organize for political action Populist Party Platform in 1892 ​ Direct popular election of U.S. Senators ​ Single term for president ​ Initiatives, Referendums, & recall for citizens ​ Unlimited coinage of silver ​ Graduated income tax ​ 8 hour workday ​ Immigration restrictions ​ Public ownership of railroads, telegraph, & telephones Populist Party Election of 1892: Won over 1 million votes; 22 electoral votes Racism hindered unification efforts Cleveland presidency Panic of 1893 Worst of 19th century Gold drained out of treasury Crises Coxey’s Army ​ March on Washington by unemployed ​ Demanded $500 million in public works programs Labor unrest/strikes ​ Homestead/Pullman Strikes ​ Halted by Federal action Election of 1896 McKinley – Republican nominee William Jennings Bryan “Cross of Gold” speech Populists fuse with Democrats​ Election of 1896 McKinley defeated Bryan ​ End of Populism ​ McKinley Presidency 1st modern president; made U.S. into a player in international politics Discovery of gold in Yukon increased money supply ​ 1900 gold standard Return of prosperity Think, Write, Share Summarize in your own words what was at the heart of the struggle between the farmers (populists) and the eastern business interests in the late Gilded Age. The struggle was rooted in economic inequality, with farmers fighting against high railroad costs, low crop prices, and corporate exploitation. Populists sought reforms like silver coinage and railroad regulation to reduce corporate power.