Gibbs Free Energy and Spontaneity of a Reaction
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of Gibbs free energy in thermodynamics?

  • To predict the spontaneity of a reaction (correct)
  • To determine the temperature of a system
  • To calculate the enthalpy of a system
  • To measure the entropy of the universe
  • What is the relationship between the entropy of the universe and the ΔG of the system?

  • If the entropy of the universe is constant, then the ΔG of the system will be zero
  • If the entropy of the universe decreases, then the ΔG of the system will decrease
  • If the entropy of the universe increases, then the ΔG of the system will decrease (correct)
  • If the entropy of the universe increases, then the ΔG of the system will increase
  • What is the unit of Gibbs free energy (G)?

  • Energy units (correct)
  • Joules per Kelvin
  • Kelvin per mole
  • Joules per mole
  • What is the condition for a reaction to be spontaneous according to the Gibbs free energy change (ΔG)?

    <p>ΔG is negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for Gibbs free energy (G)?

    <p>G = H - TS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary condition for a reaction to be spontaneous?

    <p>ΔG is negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between ΔG and ΔSuniv for a spontaneous reaction?

    <p>ΔG is negative and ΔSuniv is positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating ΔG at standard conditions?

    <p>ΔG⁰ = ΔH⁰ - TΔS⁰</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of entropy (S°) in the given sample problem?

    <p>J/K mol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calculating ΔG for a reaction?

    <p>To predict the spontaneity of the reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Gibbs Free Energy Overview

    • Gibbs Free Energy (G) predicts the spontaneity of a chemical reaction by focusing on system changes.
    • Defined as G = H – TS, where H is enthalpy, T is temperature, and S is entropy.
    • All components (H, S, G) are state functions with energy units.

    Spontaneity and ΔG

    • A change is spontaneous when ΔG is negative.
    • If the entropy of the universe increases, the ΔG for the system will decrease.
    • Positive ΔSuniv correlates with negative ΔG for the system, indicating a spontaneous process.

    Calculating ΔG

    • For constant temperature, ΔG = ΔH – TΔS.
    • At standard conditions: ΔG⁰ = ΔH⁰ – TΔS⁰.
    • Free energy (ΔG) represents the energy available to perform work in the system.
    • Standard measurements typically reference a temperature of 25°C (298 K).

    Example Calculation: Mg Reaction

    • Reaction: Mg + ½ O2 → MgO
    • Standard entropy values:
      • S°(Mg) = 32.7 J/K·mol
      • S°(O2) = 205.0 J/K·mol
      • S°(MgO) = 26.9 J/K·mol
    • Standard enthalpy values:
      • ΔH°f(Mg) = 0
      • ΔH°f(O2) = 0
      • ΔH°f(MgO) = -601.2 kJ/mol

    Steps for Determining ΔG

    • Step 1: Calculate ΔS°

      • ΔS° = S°(MgO) – [S°(Mg) + ½ S°(O2)]
      • ΔS° = 26.9 - (32.7 + 0.5 × 205.0) = -108.3 J/K·mol
    • Step 2: Calculate ΔH°

      • ΔH° = Σ nΔHf° (products) – Σ mΔHf° (reactants)
      • ΔH° = [-601.2] – [0 + 0] = -601.2 kJ

    Understanding ΔSuniv and ΔG Relationship

    • The direction of spontaneous change is indicated by negative ΔG.
    • Conditions for spontaneity:
      • ΔSuniv increases → spontaneous change (ΔG < 0)
      • No change at equilibrium: ΔSuniv = 0, ΔG = 0
      • ΔSuniv decreases → not spontaneous (ΔG > 0)

    Implications of Gibbs Free Energy

    • ΔG is essential for predicting whether a chemical reaction can occur under specified conditions.
    • The spontaneity is directly tied to the free energy change, aiding in analyses of various chemical processes and reactions.

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    Description

    Learn about Gibbs free energy and its relation to the spontaneity of a reaction. Understand the definition of Gibbs free energy, its units, and how it is used to predict changes in a system.

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