58 Questions
Which component of the upper GI tract serves as a reservoir that stores food and allows little to no absorption?
Stomach
Which enzyme is NOT active alone, requires activation by HCL, and is crucial for protein digestion?
Pepsinogen
Which cells in the stomach lining are responsible for producing Hydrochloric Acid (HCL) and intrinsic factor for Vitamin B12 absorption?
Parietal cells
What is the main function of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) in the digestive process?
Enable the reflux of stomach acid
Which gland is responsible for secreting 95% of amylase, which aids in carbohydrate breakdown?
Parotids
What is the primary function of mucus neck cells in the stomach lining?
Provide protection from corrosive enzymes
What is the main cause of Acute Liver Failure as described in the text?
Tylenol overdose
Which liver enzyme is specifically mentioned as a marker for liver injury in the text?
ALT
What complication is NOT associated with Chronic Liver Failure as described in the text?
Hepatic necrosis
What is the main metabolic consequence of liver dysfunction according to the text?
Impaired fat absorption
Which one of the following is NOT a type of Cirrhosis discussed in the text?
Hepatocellular carcinoma
What condition can result from an increased hydrostatic pressure in the portal circulation?
"Esophageal varices"
What is the primary function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
Breaks down food fibers
Which substance is responsible for converting pepsinogen into pepsin?
Hydrochloric acid
What is the main function of the small intestine in the GI system?
Absorption of most nutrients
Which segment of the small intestine is responsible for absorption of vitamins, lipids, minerals, and water?
Jejunum
What is the main function of the large intestine in the GI system?
Storage and evacuation
Which structure prevents material from flowing back into the small intestine from the large intestine?
Ileocecal Valve
What stimulates gallbladder contraction in the small intestine?
Cholecystokinin
What is the primary cause for stomach ulcerations when taking drugs like aspirin and NSAIDs?
Prostaglandin blockage
What is the role of somatostatin in the regulation of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
Inhibits HCl secretion
Which type of viral hepatitis is primarily caused by infected blood through IV drug use, tattoos, and piercings?
Hepatitis C
What type of viral hepatitis has the highest mortality rate among pregnant women?
Hepatitis E
Which viral hepatitis can lead to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer?
Hepatitis C
Which characteristic is NOT associated with Hepatitis A?
Transmission via unprotected sex and sharing drug needles
Which liver function test is typically prolonged in cases of hepatitis?
PT/PTT
What is a common symptom of hepatitis characterized by pain in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen?
Fatigue
What is the role of secretin in the GI system?
Secretes a bicarbonate-rich solution in combination with pancreatic enzymes
Which hormone stimulates hunger and is produced in the stomach?
Ghrelin
What activates the cephalic phase of gastric secretions?
Sight, smell, thought, or taste of food
In the intestinal phase, what inhibits gastric secretions?
Distension with fatty, acidic, and partially digested food in duodenum
Which hormone plays a role in decreasing gastric motility?
Cholecystokinin
What stimulates entero gastric reflex leading to inhibiting stomach secretions?
Distension with fatty, acidic, and partially digested food in duodenum
Which hormone is known for suppressing appetite and is produced in the pancreas?
Insulin
What is the main function of the Ileocecal valve in the gut?
To prevent the backflow of contents from the large intestine into the small intestine
Which of the following is NOT a common location for gut bacteria in the GI system?
Ileocecal valve
What is one of the consequences of decreased HCL production in the aging GI system?
Slowed digestion and gastric emptying
What is the function of prebiotics in the gut?
To provide food for good microbes
What is the primary cause of Ascites in liver failure?
Decreased protein synthesis leading to hypoalbuminemia
What is one of the functions of the gut microbiome?
To protect against pathogens
Which of the following is a characteristic of the aging GI system?
Decreased efficiency of drug and alcohol metabolism
Which condition is associated with pinpoint spots known as petechiae in liver failure patients?
Portal Hypertension
What is the main cause of Jaundice in the context of liver pathology?
Obstruction to bile flow
What characteristic symptom is associated with Hemolytic jaundice?
Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
What is the main consequence of Portal Hypertension in liver failure patients?
Distended, tortuous, collateral veins known as varices
What is the underlying mechanism behind Jaundice resulting from Hepatocellular damage or obstruction within the liver?
Inadequate conjugation and excretion of bilirubin
Which symptom is a late sign of Hepatic Encephalopathy in patients with chronic liver failure?
Flapping hand tremor (Asterixis)
Which condition leads to accumulation of ammonia in the blood causing damage to the nervous system in liver failure patients?
} Musty (ammonia smelling) breath
Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow through the liver?
Portal vein --> Hepatic vein --> Inferior vena cava
What is the primary function of the Kupffer cells in the liver?
To act as liver macrophages (monocytes)
Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?
Production of insulin
Which of the following is a cause of decreased secretion of bile and reduced flow, also known as cholestasis?
Biliary obstruction
Which of the following is a common cause of increased unconjugated bilirubin in newborns?
Kernicterus
Which of the following is the main function of the sphincter of Oddi?
To regulate the release of bile into the duodenum
Which of the following is NOT a component of bile?
Pancreatic enzymes
Which of the following is a common cause of increased conjugated bilirubin in the blood?
All of the above
Which of the following organs is responsible for the storage and concentration of bile?
Gallbladder
Which of the following is the primary function of the pancreatic duct?
To release pancreatic juice into the duodenum
Test your knowledge on the structure and function of the gastrointestinal (GI) system, including the anatomy of the GI tract, digestive processes, and nutrient absorption. Topics include the length of the GI tract, upper and lower GI divisions, ingestion, propulsion, secretion, mechanical and chemical digestion, and absorption into the bloodstream.
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