GI System Part 1

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Which component of the upper GI tract serves as a reservoir that stores food and allows little to no absorption?

Pharynx

Stomach (correct)

Epiglottis

Esophagus

Which enzyme is NOT active alone, requires activation by HCL, and is crucial for protein digestion?

Ghrelin

Intrinsic Factor

Mucin

Pepsinogen (correct)

Which cells in the stomach lining are responsible for producing Hydrochloric Acid (HCL) and intrinsic factor for Vitamin B12 absorption?

Parietal cells (correct)

Chief cells

D cells

Endocrine cells (G cells)

What is the main function of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) in the digestive process?

Enable the reflux of stomach acid (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is responsible for secreting 95% of amylase, which aids in carbohydrate breakdown?

Parotids (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mucus neck cells in the stomach lining?

Provide protection from corrosive enzymes (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of Acute Liver Failure as described in the text?

Tylenol overdose (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which liver enzyme is specifically mentioned as a marker for liver injury in the text?

ALT (B) Signup and view all the answers

What complication is NOT associated with Chronic Liver Failure as described in the text?

Hepatic necrosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main metabolic consequence of liver dysfunction according to the text?

Impaired fat absorption (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is NOT a type of Cirrhosis discussed in the text?

Hepatocellular carcinoma (C) Signup and view all the answers

What condition can result from an increased hydrostatic pressure in the portal circulation?

"Esophageal varices" (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

Breaks down food fibers (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is responsible for converting pepsinogen into pepsin?

Hydrochloric acid (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the small intestine in the GI system?

Absorption of most nutrients (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which segment of the small intestine is responsible for absorption of vitamins, lipids, minerals, and water?

Jejunum (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the large intestine in the GI system?

Storage and evacuation (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure prevents material from flowing back into the small intestine from the large intestine?

Ileocecal Valve (A) Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates gallbladder contraction in the small intestine?

Cholecystokinin (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause for stomach ulcerations when taking drugs like aspirin and NSAIDs?

Prostaglandin blockage (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of somatostatin in the regulation of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

Inhibits HCl secretion (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of viral hepatitis is primarily caused by infected blood through IV drug use, tattoos, and piercings?

Hepatitis C (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of viral hepatitis has the highest mortality rate among pregnant women?

Hepatitis E (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which viral hepatitis can lead to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer?

Hepatitis C (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with Hepatitis A?

Transmission via unprotected sex and sharing drug needles (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which liver function test is typically prolonged in cases of hepatitis?

PT/PTT (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of hepatitis characterized by pain in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen?

Fatigue (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of secretin in the GI system?

Secretes a bicarbonate-rich solution in combination with pancreatic enzymes (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates hunger and is produced in the stomach?

Ghrelin (A) Signup and view all the answers

What activates the cephalic phase of gastric secretions?

Sight, smell, thought, or taste of food (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the intestinal phase, what inhibits gastric secretions?

Distension with fatty, acidic, and partially digested food in duodenum (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone plays a role in decreasing gastric motility?

Cholecystokinin (C) Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates entero gastric reflex leading to inhibiting stomach secretions?

Distension with fatty, acidic, and partially digested food in duodenum (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is known for suppressing appetite and is produced in the pancreas?

Insulin (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Ileocecal valve in the gut?

To prevent the backflow of contents from the large intestine into the small intestine (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common location for gut bacteria in the GI system?

Ileocecal valve (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the consequences of decreased HCL production in the aging GI system?

Slowed digestion and gastric emptying (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of prebiotics in the gut?

To provide food for good microbes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Ascites in liver failure?

Decreased protein synthesis leading to hypoalbuminemia (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the functions of the gut microbiome?

To protect against pathogens (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the aging GI system?

Decreased efficiency of drug and alcohol metabolism (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with pinpoint spots known as petechiae in liver failure patients?

Portal Hypertension (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of Jaundice in the context of liver pathology?

Obstruction to bile flow (B) Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic symptom is associated with Hemolytic jaundice?

Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of Portal Hypertension in liver failure patients?

Distended, tortuous, collateral veins known as varices (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying mechanism behind Jaundice resulting from Hepatocellular damage or obstruction within the liver?

Inadequate conjugation and excretion of bilirubin (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is a late sign of Hepatic Encephalopathy in patients with chronic liver failure?

Flapping hand tremor (Asterixis) (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition leads to accumulation of ammonia in the blood causing damage to the nervous system in liver failure patients?

} Musty (ammonia smelling) breath (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow through the liver?

Portal vein --> Hepatic vein --> Inferior vena cava (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Kupffer cells in the liver?

To act as liver macrophages (monocytes) (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?

Production of insulin (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a cause of decreased secretion of bile and reduced flow, also known as cholestasis?

Biliary obstruction (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of increased unconjugated bilirubin in newborns?

Kernicterus (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the main function of the sphincter of Oddi?

To regulate the release of bile into the duodenum (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of bile?

Pancreatic enzymes (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of increased conjugated bilirubin in the blood?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organs is responsible for the storage and concentration of bile?

Gallbladder (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary function of the pancreatic duct?

To release pancreatic juice into the duodenum (B) Signup and view all the answers