Gestational Hypertension and Blood Components in Pregnancy
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Questions and Answers

During pregnancy, what happens to the tone of the lower esophageal sphincter?

  • It increases
  • It decreases (correct)
  • It becomes hyperactive
  • It remains the same

    • What causes the gums to become hyperemic, swollen, and friable during pregnancy?

  • Increased estrogen levels (correct)
  • Decreased blood circulation
  • Decreased estrogen levels
  • Increased blood sugar levels

    • What change occurs in the saliva produced in the mouth during pregnancy?

  • It becomes more acidic (correct)
  • It becomes more alkaline
  • It becomes thicker
  • It becomes less acidic

    • What is the term for the excessive salivation that some women experience during pregnancy?

    <p>Ptyalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the motility of the gastrointestinal system affected during pregnancy?

    <p>Motility decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for displacement of the intra-abdominal portion of the esophagus into the thorax during pregnancy?

    <p>Hiatal hernia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes some women to get temporary relief from excessive salivation by gum chewing or sucking on hard candies?

    <p>Decreased swallowing reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the condition of gastroesophageal reflux disease during pregnancy?

    <p>Decreased tone of lower esophageal sphincter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of prostaglandins during pregnancy?

    <p>Facilitating uterine contractions and increasing myometrial sensitivity to oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone acts as an antagonist against insulin after the first trimester of pregnancy?

    <p>hPL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the placenta during pregnancy?

    <p>Acting as an endocrine gland and secreting hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is believed to be involved in softening the cervix and initiating/maintaining labor?

    <p>Prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is theorized to increase myometrial sensitivity to oxytocin during pregnancy?

    <p>Relaxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones are thought to oppose insulin during pregnancy?

    <p>hPL, estrogen, and progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of cortisol during the last half of pregnancy?

    <p>Acting against insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is capable of synthesizing enzymes and proteins during pregnancy?

    <p>Placental lactogen (hPL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the increase in dental plaque, calculus, and debris deposits during pregnancy?

    <p>Vascular permeability and tissue edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to constipation during pregnancy?

    <p>Decreased activity level and decreased peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common problem for pregnant women caused by the slowed gastric emptying combined with relaxation of the cardiac sphincter?

    <p>Heartburn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the formation of hemorrhoids during pregnancy?

    <p>Increased venous pressure and gravid uterus pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to acid indigestion or heartburn (pyrosis) in pregnant women?

    <p>Delayed gastric emptying and decreased peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the decline in blood pressure during pregnancy?

    <p>Increased peripheral vasodilation caused by progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the increase in cardiac output during pregnancy?

    <p>Increased stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical definition of gestational hypertension?

    <p>Systolic of 140 mm Hg or higher and/or diastolic of 90 mm Hg or higher after 20 weeks’ gestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the physiologic anemia of pregnancy?

    <p>Increase in plasma volume exceeding the increase in RBC production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the hypercoagulable state during pregnancy?

    <p>Venous stasis secondary to venous pooling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the respiratory system during pregnancy?

    <p>Increased tidal volume and maternal hyperventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences the vascularity of the respiratory tract during pregnancy?

    <p>Increased sensitivity to allergens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural alterations take place in the respiratory system during pregnancy?

    <p>Temporary changes that revert back to prepregnant state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the predominant structural change in the renal system during pregnancy?

    <p>Hormonal influences of estrogen and progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do the kidneys work harder throughout pregnancy?

    <p>Increased intravascular and extracellular volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for the increase in urine flow and volume during pregnancy?

    <p>Increased levels of estrogen and progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the characteristic 'waddle' gait that pregnant women demonstrate as they near term?

    <p>Relaxation and increased mobility of joints due to hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for the development of the 'mask of pregnancy' or facial melasma in pregnant women?

    <p>Increased levels of estrogen and progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the postural changes of pregnancy such as an increased swayback and an upper spine extension?

    <p>Increased weight gain accentuating lumbar and dorsal curves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is responsible for most skin changes in pregnancy?

    <p>Increased levels of estrogen and progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the development of striae gravidarum or stretch marks in pregnant women?

    <p>Increased levels of estrogen and progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for the enlargement of the kidneys during pregnancy?

    <p>Increased blood flow to the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

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