German Verbs, Adjectives, Colors, and Expressions

German Verbs

• Verbs express action, process, or state of being
• The infinitive form of a verb is what appears in vocabulary lists and dictionaries
• The English infinitive is "to" + verb (e.g., "to give", "to see", "to be)
• The German infinitive ends in "-en" or "-n"
• The infinitive needs to be conjugated to agree with the subject

German Adjectives & Adverbs

• Adjectives describe nouns
• Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs

German Colors

• Colors include: blue, brown, yellow, gray, green, purple, orange, pink, red, black, white
• Use "hell-" for light colors (e.g., "light blue") and "dunkel-" for dark colors (e.g., "dark red")

German Expressions

• "Welche/Welcher/Welches?" - which? (used when asking about a specific item)
• "Welche Farbe hat/haben...?" - what color is/are...?
• "Er/Sie/Es ist..." - he/she/it is...
• "Sie sind..." - they are...
• "Wie viele?" - how many?
• "Wo?" - where?
• "Da ist/sind..." - there is/are...
• "Das ist richtig" - that's right
• "Lass uns gehen!" - Let's go!
• "genau" - exactly
• "in der Nähe" - nearby; near

Germany Geography

• Germany borders nine countries.
• Countries to the east include Poland and the Czech Republic.
• Countries to the west include the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France.
• Austria is located to the south.
• Denmark is located to the north.
• Germany has three natural borders: the North Sea and Baltic Sea to the north, and the Alps to the south.
• Germany has 16 federal states.
• Germany's capital city is Berlin.
• There are three cities in Germany that are also considered federal states: Berlin, Hamburg, and Bremen.
• Germany has four million-plus cities: Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, and Cologne.
• Berlin has 3.7 million inhabitants.
• Germany has a population of 85 million.
• Germany is almost as large as the U.S. state of Montana.

German History

• Germany has always been divided into states, but the map has changed through centuries.
• Germany's history spans nearly 2,000 years.
• Germany did not become a centralized nation until relatively recently.
• Most of the states established today were created after 1945.
• Regional divisions are reflected in local traditions, dialects, and ways of life.
• After World War II, Germany was divided into West Germany (BRD) and East Germany (DDR).
• The Berlin Wall was built in 1961 by the East German government.
• The Berlin Wall was torn down on November 9, 1989.
• The two Germanys were officially reunited on October 3, 1990.

The German Indefinite Article "ein"

• The indefinite article "ein" is equivalent to English "a" or "an".
• "Ein" is used for masculine and neuter nouns.
• "Eine" is used for feminine nouns.
• "Kein", meaning "no", is used when negating a noun.

German Free Time Activities & Hobbies

• Common free time activities and hobbies include: taking photos, playing cards, dancing, hiking, horseback riding, playing soccer, drawing, listening to music, playing guitar, cooking, fishing, visiting friends, and going for walks.

German Leisure Time

• Germans are known for their leisure time.
• Germany ranks high in the industrialized nations in paid vacation time.
• Most full-time employees in Germany enjoy 30 days of paid vacation annually.
• Europeans enjoy folk festivals, regional celebrations, and commemorative events.

Key German Nouns

• "das Bundesland" - federal state
• "der Einwohner" - male inhabitant
• "die Einwohnerin" - female inhabitant
• "der Fluss" - river
• "das Foto" - photo
• "der Fußball" - soccer (soccer ball)
• "die Grenze" - border
• "die Hauptstadt" - capital city
• "die Landeshauptstadt" - state capital
• "der Kaffee" - coffee
• "das Konzert" - concert
• "das Land" - country/land
• "das Meer" - sea
• "die Million" - million
• "die Millionenstadt" - city with a population over 1 million
• "die Stadt" - city/town
• "der Stadtstaat" - a city that is also simultaneously a state

Verb "gehen"

• "gehen" can be combined with another infinitive to mean "to go (do something)".
• "gehen" is conjugated in the sentence, and the other verb appears at the end of the sentence in its unconjugated infinitive form.

German Time

• The 24-hour clock (0.00 to 23.59) is used for official times.
• The 24-hour clock format is "[hour] Uhr [minutes past the hour]".
• The word "eins" loses it -s ending when used with "Uhr"
• Other numbers remain unchanged.

German Course Schedule

• "Welche Kurse hast du dieses Semester?" - What courses do you have this semester?
• "Um wie viel Uhr beginnt dein erster Kurs am Montag?" - At what time does your first class start on Monday?
• "Um wie viel Uhr beginnt dein erster Kurs am Dienstag?" - At what time does your first class start on Tuesday?
• "Um wie viel Uhr endet dein letzter Kurs am Freitag?" - At what time does your last class end on Friday?
• "Wann beginnt der Deutschkurs? Wann ist Deutsch zu Ende?" - When does the German class start? When does it end?
• "Hast du am Mittwochnachmittag einen Kurs? Wenn ja, welchen? Und um wie viel Uhr?" - Do you have a class on Wednesday afternoon? If so, which one? And at what time?

"Um" in German

• Use the preposition "um" with a clock time to specify at what time something occurs.
• "Um wie viel Uhr...?" - At what time...?

This quiz covers essential elements of the German language, including verb conjugation, the role of adjectives and adverbs, and vocabulary related to colors and common expressions. Test your understanding of how to use these fundamentals in sentence structure and conversation.