German Unification in the Holy Roman Empire

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What was the new title adopted by the Holy Roman Empire, reflecting a new sense of unity?

The Holy Roman Empire 'of the German Nation'

What was the consequence of the increased use of German as the sole language for business and administration?

German history became a new focus for attention in universities

What was the limitation of the emperor's power in the Holy Roman Empire?

The emperor lacked the power to implement change or stop change

How did Maximilian I, the grandfather of Charles, try to secure the throne for his grandson?

He secured a loan of 1 million gulden from the Frugger banking family to secure votes through bribery Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of Maximilian I's efforts to secure the throne for Charles?

He failed to secure the throne to Charles Signup and view all the answers

Who were the three main contenders for the throne after Maximilian I's death?

Mainz, Cologne, Brandenburg, and Bohemia Signup and view all the answers

What was Maximilian I's strategy for enriching the Habsburg family?

Marriages, alliances, and war Signup and view all the answers

What was Maximilian I's character described as?

Generous, brave, cultured, and charming, but indecisive Signup and view all the answers

What was the approximate increase in silver-mining output in the 70 years leading up to 1530?

Fivefold Signup and view all the answers

What enabled German banking to develop and even challenge that of Italy?

The provision of most of Europe's bullion from Germany's mining industry Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary factor that led to improvements in the agricultural sector along the Rhine and in north Germany?

Rapid increase in population leading to a greater demand for food Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the boom in textile production and the manufacturing sectors in towns like Augsburg and Munich?

A boom in trade along the great rivers of the empire Signup and view all the answers

What improvement in the 16th century facilitated inland trade via the rivers and canals of Germany?

Improvements to canal construction Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the rivers Oder, Elbe, and Weser for trade?

They were exceptionally useful for trade Signup and view all the answers

What was traded upstream on the Rhine?

Fish, textiles, and consumer goods Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the connection between Berlin and the North Sea and the Baltic Sea by 1578?

Easier trade beyond its borders Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of landlords reintroducing serfdom east of the Elbe?

Unbelievable hardship and deep resentment of landlords, leading to 18 significant peasant revolts between 1500 and 1525. Signup and view all the answers

How did inflation affect urban laborers?

Inflation had a negative impact on urban laborers because their wages rarely kept up with food prices. Signup and view all the answers

What was the social consequence of peasants moving to towns?

It led to increased segregation, with the disadvantaged living in slums surrounding wealthy areas, and tensions between classes could lead to rioting and anti-Semitic pogroms. Signup and view all the answers

What was the response of some town councils to the growing number of beggars?

They introduced laws to have beggars arrested, whipped, and expelled. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Jakob Fugger's Fuggerei in Augsburg?

It was a generous gesture to provide housing for the poor, but not enough to address the scale of poverty in the city. Signup and view all the answers

What was the major obstacle to trade in the Holy Roman Empire?

The lack of a central economic policy, resulting in different policies, weights, measures, and coinage across different states. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary source of income for most princes?

The revenues of taxes and loans. Signup and view all the answers

What was the limitation of attempts to abolish tolls at state borders?

They were limited because tolls provided income for the governments of the different states. Signup and view all the answers

What were the primary religious needs of the majority of the population during this time period?

Getting God's help now, which was largely met via sacramentals, rituals, and beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of blessed candles in the religious practices of the time?

They ensured light throughout the year. Signup and view all the answers

How did the educated urban laity view the sacramentals and rituals practiced by the majority?

They considered them superstitious, pagan, and misleading. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the collection of holy relics amassed by the Elector of Saxony, Frederick the Wise?

It was a means to achieve salvation and reassurance of eternal life. Signup and view all the answers

What was the general attitude of the German population towards the Catholic Church during this time period?

They accepted the Church's teachings and saw it as a source of comfort and reassurance. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the high sales of books written by humanists during this time period?

It suggests that interest in religion had never been greater. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main concern of the educated urban laity regarding their spiritual lives?

They wanted to be reassured that their souls would achieve eternal salvation. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the celebrations, such as Christmas and Carnival, during this time period?

They were fun and involved the whole community. Signup and view all the answers

What motivated Luther's protest, and how did it resonate with the audience?

Luther had different motives, but his anti-Rome tone found a receptive audience already enthused with pro-German, anti-Italian feeling. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for anti-clericalism in the empire?

The abuses of the Church, such as simony, pluralism, and scandalous living, led to unqualified bishops and poor clergy. Signup and view all the answers

What was simony, and how did it contribute to anti-clericalism?

Simony was the practice of selling Church positions to the highest bidder rather than awarding them to the best candidate, leading to unqualified clergy. Signup and view all the answers

What was pluralism, and how did it affect the Church?

Pluralism was the practice of holding multiple Church positions at once, often leading to non-resident and indifferent clergy who saw the Church as a means to make money. Signup and view all the answers

Why did the Church's abuses alone not fully explain the level of anti-clericalism in Germany?

The level of abuse was often exaggerated in anti-clerical literature, and some monastic orders had already reformed themselves, while ordinary people did not mind certain clergy abuses. Signup and view all the answers

What proportion of priests in southern Germany had a degree, and what does this indicate?

About half the priests in southern Germany had a degree, which was exceptionally high, given the rarity of university places. Signup and view all the answers

Why were old works criticizing the clergy and advocating reform popular best-sellers?

There had been prophecies that a 'holy man' would appear to reform the Church and rid it of abuses, in preparation for the Last Judgement. Signup and view all the answers

What did the ordinary people not mind about their priests?

They did not mind if their priest lived with a woman, or could not understand Latin, or sometimes got drunk. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Germany's Unity and Economy

Germany was more politically united than it had been for centuries, with a new sense of "German-ness" and German language gaining prominence in business and administration.
The title "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" reflected this growing sense of unity.

The Imperial Election of 1519

Maximilian I, a generous, brave, cultured, and charming but indecisive leader, focused on enriching the Habsburg through marriages and alliances.
He died in 1519, failing to secure the throne for his grandson Charles, and triggered a contest for the imperial title.

Economic Growth

The silver-mining industry in Saxony, Bohemia, and the Tyrol was highly successful, providing most of Europe's bullion and enabling German banking to develop.
Agricultural productivity increased in north Germany due to population growth, with innovations imported from the Netherlands.
Textile production and manufacturing boomed in towns like Augsburg and Munich, with trade flourishing along the Rhine, Danube, Elbe, Wesser, and Spree rivers.
Improvements in canal construction facilitated inland trade, and Berlin was connected to the North Sea and Baltic Sea by 1578.

Landlords reintroduced serfdom, forcing peasants to work harder for no pay, leading to 18 significant peasant revolts between 1500 and 1525.
Urban laborers struggled with inflation, leading to poverty, segregation, and anti-Semitic riots.
The poor turned to begging, and town councils introduced laws to arrest, whip, and expel them.

The Princes and the Economy

Princes relied on taxes and loans, with some income from tolls, which hindered trade between states.
The lack of a central economic policy meant each German state had its own policies, weights, measures, and coinage.

The Church and Heresy

The Church played a significant role in everyday life, with sacramentals and rituals providing comfort and reassurance.
The educated urban laity sought reassurance of eternal salvation through the seven sacraments and relics.
Humanist books, suggesting ways to be a better Christian, were popular among the literate, indicating a strong interest in religion.
Anti-clericalism was widespread due to abuses, such as simony, pluralism, and immoral behavior among clergy.
Prophecies of a "holy man" who would reform the Church fueled anti-clerical sentiment.

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