German Foreign Policy 1933-1936 Quiz

German Foreign Policy During 1933 to 1936

During the period from 1933 to 1936, German foreign policy was marked by aggressive expansionism and the pursuit of hegemony under Adolf Hitler's leadership. This era saw Germany rearming to challenge the status quo, particularly through its growing military power. The period can be divided into two main phases: the first phase focused on rearmament and detente with the Soviet Union, while the second phase saw growing tensions with Britain and France. Here we explore some key aspects of this era.

Initial Aims and Tactics

Upon taking power in January 1933, Hitler had several foreign policy goals. Firstly, he aimed to reverse the Treaty of Versailles, which imposed heavy restrictions on Germany's military forces after World War I. Secondly, he sought to expand Germany's territory by annexing parts of neighboring countries, particularly those bordering the Reich. Thirdly, he intended to establish Germany as a global superpower capable of challenging British dominance. He also hoped to alleviate domestic economic problems by exporting excess industrial capacity.

To achieve these aims, Hitler employed both diplomacy and force. In his early years in power, he pursued policies that improved relations between Germany and its neighbors, particularly the Soviet Union. This was known as 'Detente', whereby Germany agreed not to aggressively challenge Russia's sphere of influence in Eastern Europe. However, it was clear from the start that Germany would be using the time won through Detente to rear its armed forces to levels threatening enough for any potential adversary that might try to stop them.

Rearmament

One of the most significant developments in German foreign policy during this period was the rapid rebuilding of the country's military forces. Under the leadership of Hermann Göring, a large secret program was initiated to build up the Luftwaffe - Germany's air force. By 1938, Germany had more aircraft than any other country except for Britain. This arsenal allowed the Luftwaffe to win air superiority over Poland during World War II.

Relations with the Soviet Union

Initially, relations between the Soviet Union and Germany were relatively positive. The two countries signed a Non-aggression Treaty in May 1933, which allowed for mutual cooperation without fear of attack from each other. This provided Germany with time to focus on its own rearmament without worrying about potential aggression from Russia. However, this relationship began to deteriorate after Hitler made an alliance with Japan and Italy, collectively known as the Tripartite Pact, in September 1940. This led to tensions between Germany and the Soviet Union, ultimately resulting in World War II's Eastern Front conflict.

Tensions with Britain and France

Germany's aggressive foreign policy led to growing tensions with France and particularly Britain, who saw themselves as guarantors of European security. In March 1936, Germany sent troops into the Rhineland, a demilitarized zone along the country's western border, despite protests from both France and Britain. This action was seen as a deliberate provocation aimed at testing their willingness to intervene against it. The British government responded by issuing an ultimatum demanding that Germany withdraw its troops from the Rhineland, but Hitler refused to comply. As a result, France became increasingly anxious about the prospect of another war, leading them towards signing a treaty with Nazi Germany on September 27, 1936.

In conclusion, the years between 1933 and 1936 mark a critical phase in German foreign policy where aggressively pursuing rearmament and territorial expansion were key strategies. Despite initial efforts towards detente with the Soviet Union, this period ultimately led to increasing tension with major European powers like Britain and France, setting the stage for World War II.