Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was one of Adolf Hitler's foreign policy goals upon taking power in January 1933?
Which term best describes the initial phase of German foreign policy during the period 1933-1936?
What was the primary purpose of Hitler's pursuit of detente with the Soviet Union?
How did Hitler intend to alleviate domestic economic problems through his foreign policy?
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What characterized the second phase of German foreign policy during 1933-1936?
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Why did Hitler aim to establish Germany as a global superpower?
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What was one of the key strategies in German foreign policy between 1933 and 1936?
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Which country had more aircraft than any other except for Britain by 1938?
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What led to the deterioration of relations between Germany and the Soviet Union?
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How did Germany's aggressive foreign policy impact its relationship with France and Britain?
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Why did the British government issue an ultimatum to Germany in response to its actions in the Rhineland?
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What marked a critical phase in German foreign policy between 1933 and 1936?
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Study Notes
German Foreign Policy During 1933 to 1936
During the period from 1933 to 1936, German foreign policy was marked by aggressive expansionism and the pursuit of hegemony under Adolf Hitler's leadership. This era saw Germany rearming to challenge the status quo, particularly through its growing military power. The period can be divided into two main phases: the first phase focused on rearmament and detente with the Soviet Union, while the second phase saw growing tensions with Britain and France. Here we explore some key aspects of this era.
Initial Aims and Tactics
Upon taking power in January 1933, Hitler had several foreign policy goals. Firstly, he aimed to reverse the Treaty of Versailles, which imposed heavy restrictions on Germany's military forces after World War I. Secondly, he sought to expand Germany's territory by annexing parts of neighboring countries, particularly those bordering the Reich. Thirdly, he intended to establish Germany as a global superpower capable of challenging British dominance. He also hoped to alleviate domestic economic problems by exporting excess industrial capacity.
To achieve these aims, Hitler employed both diplomacy and force. In his early years in power, he pursued policies that improved relations between Germany and its neighbors, particularly the Soviet Union. This was known as 'Detente', whereby Germany agreed not to aggressively challenge Russia's sphere of influence in Eastern Europe. However, it was clear from the start that Germany would be using the time won through Detente to rear its armed forces to levels threatening enough for any potential adversary that might try to stop them.
Rearmament
One of the most significant developments in German foreign policy during this period was the rapid rebuilding of the country's military forces. Under the leadership of Hermann Göring, a large secret program was initiated to build up the Luftwaffe - Germany's air force. By 1938, Germany had more aircraft than any other country except for Britain. This arsenal allowed the Luftwaffe to win air superiority over Poland during World War II.
Relations with the Soviet Union
Initially, relations between the Soviet Union and Germany were relatively positive. The two countries signed a Non-aggression Treaty in May 1933, which allowed for mutual cooperation without fear of attack from each other. This provided Germany with time to focus on its own rearmament without worrying about potential aggression from Russia. However, this relationship began to deteriorate after Hitler made an alliance with Japan and Italy, collectively known as the Tripartite Pact, in September 1940. This led to tensions between Germany and the Soviet Union, ultimately resulting in World War II's Eastern Front conflict.
Tensions with Britain and France
Germany's aggressive foreign policy led to growing tensions with France and particularly Britain, who saw themselves as guarantors of European security. In March 1936, Germany sent troops into the Rhineland, a demilitarized zone along the country's western border, despite protests from both France and Britain. This action was seen as a deliberate provocation aimed at testing their willingness to intervene against it. The British government responded by issuing an ultimatum demanding that Germany withdraw its troops from the Rhineland, but Hitler refused to comply. As a result, France became increasingly anxious about the prospect of another war, leading them towards signing a treaty with Nazi Germany on September 27, 1936.
In conclusion, the years between 1933 and 1936 mark a critical phase in German foreign policy where aggressively pursuing rearmament and territorial expansion were key strategies. Despite initial efforts towards detente with the Soviet Union, this period ultimately led to increasing tension with major European powers like Britain and France, setting the stage for World War II.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the aggressive expansionism and pursuit of hegemony in German foreign policy during the years 1933 to 1936 under Adolf Hitler's leadership. The quiz covers topics such as rearmament, relations with the Soviet Union, tensions with Britain and France, and key strategies employed during this critical period.
