Geosphere and Atmosphere Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which mineral property describes how a mineral can resist separation?

  • Specific Gravity
  • Tenacity (correct)
  • Diaphaneity
  • Luster

    • What is the term for minerals that allow most light to pass through undistorted?

  • Transparent (correct)
  • Reflective
  • Translucent
  • Opaque

    • Which group of minerals is known as rock-forming minerals?

  • Oxides
  • Phosphates
  • Silicates (correct)
  • Sulfides

    • What is the correct statement regarding the taste of minerals?

    <p>Only soluble minerals have a taste.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property refers to the dull or clay-like appearance of a mineral?

    <p>Earthy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was launched in 2007 to study Pluto and its satellite Charon?

    <p>New Horizons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT recognized as a dwarf planet by the International Astronomical Union?

    <p>Proxima Centauri</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to celestial bodies that revolve around the sun, are round in shape, and are located beyond Neptune?

    <p>Plutoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the boundary between the crust and the mantle called?

    <p>Mohorovicic Discontinuity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the Earth is composed mainly of aluminum and silicate?

    <p>Crust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of crust is thicker and comprises the continents?

    <p>Continental Crust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition of the Earth's mantle?

    <p>Ferro-magnesium silicates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives tectonic movements in the Earth?

    <p>Heat from the mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of space agencies?

    <p>To promote the science of astronomy and discover celestial bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of spacecraft is designed specifically for manned missions?

    <p>Space shuttle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant achievement did the Mariner 9 probe accomplish?

    <p>First probe to orbit Mars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following spacecraft are examples of space probes?

    <p>Viking 1 and Viking 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of the Mars 2020 mission?

    <p>To find signs of life and gather information about Mars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the atmosphere?

    <p>Nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the rovers that began exploring the surface of Mars in 2004?

    <p>Spirit and Opportunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the atmosphere is where most weather occurs?

    <p>Troposphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the Earth's surface does the hydrosphere comprise?

    <p>75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spacecraft serves as a home for scientists studying the solar system?

    <p>Space station</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant finding by the rovers Spirit and Opportunity on Mars?

    <p>Discovered evidence that water had existed there before</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer?

    <p>Stratosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the temperature range of the stratosphere?

    <p>-57°C to -5°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the mesosphere?

    <p>Burns meteors and other objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of saltwater?

    <p>High salinity and found in oceans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms of water are found within the hydrosphere?

    <p>Liquid, vapor, and ice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the asthenosphere in relation to plate tectonics?

    <p>It is ductile and helps carry the lithosphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the Earth's core is responsible for generating the magnetic field?

    <p>Liquid outer core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How deep is the Gutenberg Discontinuity, which separates the mantle and the core?

    <p>Around 2,900 km deep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layers of the Earth make up the lithosphere?

    <p>The crust and the uppermost part of the solid mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a rock from a mineral?

    <p>Rocks are naturally occurring solids containing minerals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic property used to describe minerals?

    <p>Luster, including metallic and non-metallic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves organizing atoms to form crystalline solids in mineral formation?

    <p>Inorganic crystallization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What materials mainly compose the outer core?

    <p>Iron and nickel, with small amounts of oxygen and silicon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Subsystems of Earth's Environment

    • Geosphere: Solid part of Earth; includes landforms, landmasses, tectonic plates, rocks, minerals, and internal layers.
    • Atmosphere: Gaseous layer enveloping Earth, composed primarily of Nitrogen (78%) and Oxygen (21%); contains traces of other gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor.
    • Layers of the Atmosphere:
      • Troposphere: Lowest layer; 75% of the atmosphere; weather occurs here; temperature ranges from 15°C to -57°C.
      • Stratosphere: Ranges 15-50 km up; contains the ozone layer; temperature from -57°C to -5°C.
      • Mesosphere: Between 50-80 km; cool and dense; where meteors burn upon entry.
      • Thermosphere: Above 80 km; temperature can reach 1,727°C; gases arranged by mass.

    Hydrosphere

    • Liquid portion of Earth, covering three-quarters of the surface; predominantly composed of water (H2O).
    • Forms of Water:
      • Liquid (oceans, lakes).
      • Vapor (clouds, fog).
      • Ice (glaciers, polar caps).
    • Types of Water:
      • Saltwater (97% of Earth's water, found in oceans).

    Space Agencies

    • Institutions promoting astronomy and exploring celestial bodies; examples include NASA, ESA, and Roscosmos.

    Spacecraft Types

    • Space Shuttles: Manned missions (e.g., Discovery, Challenger).
    • Space Probes: Unmanned spacecraft collecting data (e.g., Viking 1, Pioneer 11).
    • Rockets: Launch satellites (e.g., Apollo missions, Voyager).
    • Space Stations: Habitats for scientists (e.g., Skylab).

    Mars Exploration

    • Numerous missions targeting Mars's geology and potential habitability; started in the 1960s.
    • Significant Missions:
      • Mars 2 and Mars 3 (1971): First contact with Martian surface.
      • Mariner 9 (1971): First spacecraft to orbit Mars.
      • Spirit and Opportunity (2004): Found evidence of past water.
      • MAVEN (2013): Studying Mars's upper atmosphere.
      • ExoMars project: Aims to find signs of past life.
      • Mars 2020: Focused on gathering evidence of life forms.

    Pluto and Dwarf Planets

    • New Horizons mission (2007) studied Pluto and Charon; first probe to fly by Pluto in 2015.
    • Five recognized dwarf planets: Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, Eris.
    • Plutoids: Bodies beyond Neptune that are round and orbit the Sun.

    Earth's Layers

    • Crust: Outermost layer, thin (1% of Earth's mass); includes continental (35-70 km thick) and oceanic crust (5-10 km thick).
    • Mantle: Thickest layer (2,900 km), comprised of solid and semi-solid rock, drives tectonic movements; divided into lithosphere (upper) and asthenosphere (lower).
    • Core: Inner layer; 2,500 km deep; includes a liquid outer core responsible for Earth's magnetic field and a solid inner core.

    Minerals and Rocks

    • Rocks: Naturally occurring solid made up of minerals.
    • Mineral Formation: Inorganic crystallization and re-crystallization.
    • Properties of Minerals:
      • Luster: Reflectivity; can be metallic or non-metallic.
      • Specific Gravity: Density comparison with water.
      • Tenacity: Strength and cohesion of particles.
      • Diaphaneity: Light transmission capability (transparent, translucent, opaque).
      • Odor and Taste: Some minerals react to heat or moisture; solubility gives taste.

    Mineral Groups

    • Silicates: Most abundant group of rock-forming minerals (e.g., quartz, feldspar).
    • Other groups include native elements, sulfides, oxides, carbonates, phosphates, and halides.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the geosphere and atmosphere of Earth. This quiz covers essential topics such as landforms, mineral composition, and the atmospheric layers along with their gas composition. Dive deep into the interactions between Earth's solid portions and its gaseous blanket.

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