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Questions and Answers

What type of geological structure is formed when sedimentary layers are deposited in a flat or nearly flat position?

  • Vertically layered rocks
  • Horizontally layered rocks (correct)
  • Metamorphic rocks
  • Igneous rocks

    • How do hilly landscapes differ from basaltic plateaus?

  • Basaltic plateaus have gentle and rounded slopes. (correct)
  • Hilly landscapes are shaped by lava eruptions.
  • Hilly landscapes have extensive lava flows.
  • Basaltic plateaus are characterized by high rainfall.

    • Which factor significantly influences the development of hilly landscapes?

  • Mass wasting
  • High temperatures (correct)
  • Chemical weathering
  • Sheet erosion

    • What plays a crucial role in the formation of prominent hills within hilly landscapes?

    <p>Resistance of the rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are basaltic plateaus formed?

    <p>By extensive lava flows over millions of years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of landscape is shaped by the resistance of the rocks to erosion and climate?

    <p>Hilly landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the human impacts mentioned in the text?

    <p>Economic damages from infrastructure destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mitigation strategy aims to stabilize rock faces by mechanically reinforcing them?

    <p>Rock Bolts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do drainage systems aim to reduce in slope materials?

    <p>Water infiltration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which natural event can lead to the formation of natural dams and lakes?

    <p>Landslide debris blockage of rivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do retaining walls provide to unstable slopes?

    <p>Physical support to unstable slopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding and implementing effective mitigation measures crucial according to the text?

    <p>To minimize impacts of mass movement on human lives and the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of granite domes?

    <p>Smooth, rounded shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process leads to the formation of tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiographic region in South Africa is characterized by grassland ecosystems?

    <p>The Central Highveld</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of the Southwestern Cape Fold Belt Mountains in South Africa?

    <p>Folded mountains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of slope curves outward, resembling the exterior of a sphere?

    <p>Convex Slope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic appearance of Tors?

    <p>Stacked boulders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rock formation penetrates sedimentary layers and is gradually exposed due to erosion and weathering?

    <p>Granite domes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor contributing to the formation of granite domes and tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region in South Africa is known for its arid landscapes?

    <p>The Kalahari Basin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the exposure of granite domes over time?

    <p>Erosion and weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of intrusive body is characterized by being wall-like and cutting across existing strata vertically?

    <p>Dyke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are sills characterized among intrusive bodies?

    <p>Horizontal layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinctive feature characterizes laccoliths among intrusive bodies?

    <p>Mushroom-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body is known for creating a saucer-shaped intrusion by making the lower layer sink between sedimentary layers?

    <p>Lopolith</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of granite domes in geological landscapes?

    <p>To develop smooth, rounded rock formations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in the formation of tors?

    <p>Vertical and horizontal joint expansion in rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are massive igneous rocks primarily formed?

    <p>By cooling and solidification of magma below the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates igneous rocks from sedimentary rocks in terms of layering?

    <p>Absence of layered formations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are batholiths considered significant in shaping the geological landscape?

    <p>As they can form extensive landforms when exposed on the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary geological context in which tors are typically found?

    <p>Regions with massive igneous rock formations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the Free Face on a hill?

    <p>Almost vertical slope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which slope element is located at the base of the Free Face?

    <p>The Talus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory explains the widening of a Pediment over time?

    <p>Parallel slope retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event can destabilize a slope by eroding its base with waves or river action?

    <p>Undercutting by natural forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mass movement involves individual rocks falling from steep slopes?

    <p>Rock Falls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mass movement is characterized by rapid flows of mud in arid areas?

    <p>Mud Flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary influence on mass movement processes?

    <p>Weathering and soil creep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process widens valleys through lateral erosion and weathering?

    <p>Scarp retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region is characterized by large areas covered with horizontal rock layers, often protected by a layer of resistant rock like dolerite?

    <p>Karoo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of intrusive body is usually composed of granite?

    <p>Batholiths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which landform is formed when resistant rock creates steep cliffs and less resistant layers form gentler slopes?

    <p>Canyons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason the Karoo landscapes are generally not suitable for agriculture?

    <p>Lack of rainfall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of massive igneous rocks formation?

    <p>Formation from magma cooling below the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process transforms plateaus into various landforms like mesas and buttes?

    <p>Scarp retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a pivotal role in shaping landscapes associated with horizontally layered rocks?

    <p>Geological structures, erosional processes, and climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of landscape is the Drakensberg in South Africa?

    <p>Vast basaltic plateau</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do canyons become popular tourist destinations?

    <p>For their dramatic scenery and deep valleys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of landscapes are characterized by gentle and rounded slopes due to high rainfall and mass wasting?

    <p>Hilly landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences the development of hilly landscapes by promoting chemical weathering?

    <p>High temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a crucial role in shaping basaltic plateaus over millions of years?

    <p>Lava flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes significantly to the shaping of landscapes associated with horizontally layered rocks?

    <p>The resistance of the rocks to erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of basaltic plateaus?

    <p>Extensive lava flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which landscape type is shaped by a combination of the resistance of rocks to erosion, climate, and water action?

    <p>Karoo landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of mass movement mitigation strategies mentioned in the text?

    <p>Reducing the risk and impact of mass movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mitigation strategy aims to catch falling rocks or debris to protect infrastructure and people below?

    <p>Safety Nets and Barriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do drainage systems associated with mass movement mitigation aim to reduce in slope materials?

    <p>Water infiltration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy provides physical support to unstable slopes, preventing their collapse?

    <p>Retaining Walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do rock bolts contribute to stabilizing mass movement-prone areas according to the text?

    <p>By mechanically reinforcing rock faces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding and implementing effective mitigation measures crucial according to the text?

    <p>To safeguard both the environment and human lives from adverse effects of mass movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of landscape is characterized by large areas covered with horizontal layers of rock and often protected by a layer of resistant rock like dolerite?

    <p>Karoo landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process gradually transforms the original plateau into various landforms, including mesas, buttes, and conical hills?

    <p>Scarp retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between sedimentary rocks and massive igneous rocks in terms of formation?

    <p>Sedimentary rocks form in layers, while most igneous rocks do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which natural process widens valleys through lateral erosion, mass movement, and weathering?

    <p>Scarp retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why Karoo landscapes are generally unsuitable for agriculture?

    <p>Shallow topsoil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which landform illustrates the transition from mesas to conical hills in the Karoo region?

    <p><strong>Tebus</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key differences between resistant and less resistant rock layers in a canyon landscape?

    <p><strong>Less resistant layers erode slowly</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which geological process forms steep cliffs with resistant rock and gentler slopes with less resistant layers?

    <p><strong>Differential erosion</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does climate play in shaping landscapes associated with horizontally layered rocks?

    <p><strong>It influences erosion rates</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes sills from pipes in terms of their formation?

    <p>Sills are chimney-shaped intrusions, while pipes are horizontal layers formed as magma spreads out.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary geological context in which granite domes typically form?

    <p>From the erosion and exposure of batholiths or laccoliths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiographic region in South Africa is characterized by its elevation and flatness?

    <p>The Central Highveld</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key factor contributes to the formation of Tors?

    <p>Expansion of vertical joints during cooling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which slope type curves outward, resembling the exterior of a sphere?

    <p>Convex Slope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of granite domes in shaping landscapes according to the text?

    <p>Offering protection against erosion and weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes laccoliths from lopoliths in terms of their shape?

    <p>Laccoliths push the overlying strata upwards, while lopoliths cause the lower layer to sink.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sills differ from dykes in terms of their orientation?

    <p>Sills intrude between sedimentary layers, while dykes cut across existing strata vertically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary geological process responsible for the formation of tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering along vertical and horizontal joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do granite domes typically become exposed at the surface?

    <p>By gradual removal of overlying material through erosion and weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does magma play in the formation of massive igneous rocks?

    <p>Magma cools and solidifies underground to form massive igneous structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do batholiths differ from laccoliths in terms of composition?

    <p>Batholiths are primarily composed of granite, while laccoliths consist of basalt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intrusive body type is characterized by a chimney-shaped structure?

    <p>Laccoliths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes dykes from sills in terms of their orientation?

    <p>Dykes spread out horizontally between existing rock layers, while sills cut across strata vertically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do granite domes differ from tors in terms of their appearance?

    <p>'Rounded boulders' stacked on one another in granite domes, while tors have a distinct 'dome-like' shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that can lead to the destabilization of a slope by undercutting its base?

    <p>Wave or river action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mass movement involves the imperceptibly slow downhill movement of soil?

    <p>Solifluction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of rapid movements of earth or rock sliding down a slope in landslides?

    <p>Seismic activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mass movement type is characteristic of cold climates and involves the slow flow of water-saturated soil?

    <p>Solifluction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does seismic activity primarily contribute to the destabilization of slopes?

    <p>By triggering rapid earth movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic feature of rock falls as a type of mass movement?

    <p>Involves individual rocks falling from steep slopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do heavy rains primarily contribute to initiating mass movements?

    <p>By reducing the internal cohesion of soils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes mud flows among types of mass movement?

    <p>Highly fluid flowing mud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily distinguishes hilly landscapes from basaltic plateaus?

    <p>The resistance of the rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor significantly influences the development of landscapes associated with horizontally layered rocks?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are canyon landscapes primarily shaped?

    <p>By the action of water and erosional agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Karoo landscapes from basaltic plateaus?

    <p>The climate influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a crucial role in shaping basaltic plateaus over millions of years?

    <p>Extensive lava flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the resistance of rock layers contribute to the development of hilly landscapes?

    <p>By creating prominent hills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of mass movement mitigation strategies mentioned in the text?

    <p>Reducing the risk and impact of mass movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do safety nets and barriers contribute to reducing the impact of mass movement?

    <p>By catching falling rocks or debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What purpose do drainage systems serve in relation to mass movement?

    <p>Aiming to reduce water infiltration into slope materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do retaining walls contribute to mitigating the impact of mass movement?

    <p>By providing physical support to unstable slopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of rock bolts in the context of mass movement mitigation?

    <p>Stabilizing rock faces by reinforcing them mechanically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are ongoing research and adaptation crucial in addressing challenges posed by mass movement?

    <p>To effectively address the dynamic nature of geomorphological processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is instrumental in the development of distinctive landscapes such as those found in the Karoo region?

    <p>Scarp retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT typically associated with Karoo landscapes?

    <p>Extensive rainfall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of landform is likely to be formed as a result of scarp retreat over millions of years?

    <p>Mesas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes massive igneous rocks from sedimentary rocks in terms of their formation?

    <p>Visible layers from deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which key factor determines the unique characteristics of landscapes associated with horizontally layered rocks?

    <p>Climate effects on erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do canyon landscapes primarily develop?

    <p>From vertical erosion by rivers exploiting surface weaknesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does resistant rock play in the formation of canyon landscapes?

    <p>Creates vertical cliffs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a significant role in shaping the geological landscape by becoming visible after extensive erosion?

    <p>Concave slope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a lopolith intrusion?

    <p>Causes the lower layer to sink, creating a saucer-shaped intrusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sills differ from dykes in their formation?

    <p>Horizontal layers formed as magma spreads out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of laccoliths in geological formations?

    <p>Pushing overlying strata upwards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do granite domes typically become exposed at the surface?

    <p>Due to erosion and weathering removing overlying material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes batholiths from laccoliths in terms of composition?

    <p>Usually being composed of granite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is attributed to the expansion of vertical and horizontal joints in rock formations?

    <p>Chemical weathering below the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are dykes considered distinct among intrusive bodies?

    <p>Cuts across existing strata horizontally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes tors from granite domes?

    <p>Piles of partially rounded boulders stacked together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geologic process leads to the distinctive rock shapes that typify tors?

    <p>Expanding vertical and horizontal joints in the rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key attribute that distinguishes pipes among intrusive bodies?

    <p>Chimney-shaped intrusions transporting magma near surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process through which slopes widen over time, altering the landscape?

    <p>Soil Creep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mass movement type involves the slow flow of water-saturated soil mainly in cold climates?

    <p>Solifluction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event can significantly destabilize a slope by causing rapid movements of earth materials?

    <p>Earthquakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which landform is primarily shaped by erosion from running water?

    <p>The Pediment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mass movement involves the downward and outward rotational movement of slope material forming a concave-upward slip surface?

    <p>Landslides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process leads to the redistribution of materials from higher to lower elevations, contributing to natural erosion?

    <p>Landslides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mass movement involves highly fluid, rapid flows of mud following intense rainfall?

    <p>Landslides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What activity can increase the vulnerability of slopes, leading to mass movement?

    <p>Deforestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the almost vertical slope or cliff shaped mainly by mass movement?

    <p>The Free Face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing the development of hilly landscapes associated with horizontally layered rocks?

    <p>Chemical weathering due to higher temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are basaltic plateaus primarily formed?

    <p>From extensive lava flows over millions of years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes significantly to the shaping of landscape associated with horizontally layered rocks?

    <p>Erosion processes and resistant rock layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological feature is a defining characteristic of hilly landscapes?

    <p>Gentle and rounded slopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of horizontally layered rocks, what role does climate play in the formation of landscapes?

    <p>It promotes chemical weathering processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes basaltic plateaus from hilly landscapes?

    <p>Characterized by lava flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of mitigation strategies mentioned in the text?

    <p>Reducing the risk and impact of mass movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do safety nets and barriers contribute to mitigating the effects of mass movement?

    <p>Protecting infrastructure and people from falling rocks or debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mitigation measure aims to stabilize rock faces by mechanically reinforcing them?

    <p>Rock bolts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are ongoing research and adaptation crucial in addressing challenges posed by mass movement?

    <p>To effectively address the dynamic nature of geomorphological processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key purpose of retaining walls in the context of mass movement mitigation?

    <p>Preventing collapse of unstable slopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do rock bolts contribute to minimizing the impact of mass movement?

    <p>By lowering the risk of slope failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do canyon landscapes primarily develop?

    <p>By vertical erosion of horizontal rock layers at different rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes Karoo landscapes in South Africa?

    <p>Arid conditions, steep slopes, and shallow topsoil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor contributing to the formation of mesas, buttes, and conical hills in Karoo landscapes?

    <p>Back wasting or scarp retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does resistant rock play in the formation of canyons?

    <p>Forms the gentler slopes of canyons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological feature characterizes the Drakensberg in South Africa?

    <p>Remnant of a vast basaltic plateau</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do massive igneous rocks primarily form?

    <p>Due to cooling and solidification of magma below the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinctive role of batholiths among intrusive bodies associated with massive igneous rocks?

    <p>Intrusion into spaces within the Earth's crust and solidification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do granite domes and tors significantly influence landscape and geomorphology?

    <p>From their formation as notable geological features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of slope is mainly shaped by mass movement and is too steep for loose material to accumulate?

    <p>The Free Face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon encompasses the downward and outward movement of soil, rock, and other debris on a slope?

    <p>Mass Movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event can lead to the destabilization of a slope material by saturating soils, reducing their internal cohesion, and increasing their weight?

    <p>Heavy Rains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes landslides among types of mass movement?

    <p>Rapid downward sliding of earth or rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impacts range from the redistribution of materials to economic losses and fatalities?

    <p>Both Environmental and Human impacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mass movement involves the slow flow of water-saturated soil over impermeable materials in cold climates?

    <p>Solifluction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the parallel slope retreat theory explain slope development over time?

    <p>By maintaining slope angle and length during erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates slumps among types of mass movement?

    <p>'Concave-upward slip surface'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Redistribution of materials from higher to lower elevations' is associated with which impact of mass movement?

    <p>'Environmental Impacts'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes lopoliths from laccoliths in terms of their shape?

    <p>Laccoliths have a dome-like shape, while lopoliths are saucer-shaped.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are sills different from dykes in terms of their orientation?

    <p>Sills are horizontal intrusions, while dykes are vertical intrusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinctive feature of pipes among intrusive bodies?

    <p>Pipes are chimney-shaped intrusions for magma transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do granite domes typically become exposed at the surface?

    <p>Through gradual removal of overlying material by erosion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process leads to the formation of granite domes from batholiths or laccoliths?

    <p>Gradual exposure due to erosion and weathering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily contributes to the unique formation of tors?

    <p>Water percolating through vertical and horizontal joints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does erosion and weathering play in the exposure of granite domes?

    <p>Gradually removing overlying material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key differentiating factor between granite domes and tors?

    <p>Granite domes have core stones stacked on each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary geological process that leads to the formation of granite domes?

    <p>Erosion and weathering over geological time scales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes sills from pipes in their formation?

    <p>Sills are formed as magma spreads out horizontally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process leads to the distinctive rock shapes that typify tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that can lead to the destabilization of a slope by undercutting its base?

    <p>Water erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinctive feature characterizes laccoliths among intrusive bodies?

    <p>Dome-shaped intrusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of landscape is the Drakensberg in South Africa?

    <p>Mountain landscape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary geological process responsible for the formation of tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do drainage systems aim to reduce in slope materials?

    <p>Mass movement risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mass movement involves highly fluid, rapid flows of mud following intense rainfall?

    <p>Debris flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between sedimentary rocks and massive igneous rocks in terms of formation?

    <p><strong>Sedimentary rocks</strong> form from sedimentation, while <strong>massive igneous rocks</strong> form from magma cooling underground.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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