CH SUM 2: Geomorphology

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Questions and Answers

What type of landscape is characterized by gentle and rounded slopes?

  • Canyon landscapes
  • Basaltic plateaus
  • Karoo landscapes
  • Hilly landscapes (correct)

What geological structure gives rise to various types of landscapes?

  • Metamorphic rocks
  • Horizontally layered rocks (correct)
  • Vertical rock formations
  • Folded rocks

What contributes significantly to the development of hilly landscapes?

  • Climate (correct)
  • Volcanic activity
  • Basaltic plateaus
  • Erosional agents

How are basaltic plateaus formed?

<p>By extensive lava flows from long cracks in the Earth's crust (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor influences the development of hilly landscapes by promoting chemical weathering?

<p>Higher temperatures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What plays a crucial role in forming prominent hills within hilly landscapes?

<p>Resistance of the rock (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of landscape do canyon landscapes develop in?

<p>Regions with horizontal layers of rock eroding at different rates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of Karoo landscapes?

<p>Large areas covered with horizontal layers of rock (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process widens valleys through lateral erosion, mass movement, and weathering?

<p>Scarp retreat or back wasting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do massive igneous rocks primarily form?

<p>Through the cooling and solidification of magma below the Earth's surface (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of Batholiths?

<p>They are the largest forms of intrusive bodies, usually composed of granite (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do canyon landscapes differ from Karoo landscapes in terms of erosion?

<p>Canyon landscapes erode vertically, while Karoo landscapes experience horizontal erosion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary geological process responsible for the formation of Tors?

<p>Chemical weathering (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region in South Africa is characterized by extensive arid landscapes?

<p>The Great Karoo Basin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a Concave Slope from other slope types?

<p>Curves inward (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Granite Domes typically become exposed at the surface?

<p>Erosion and weathering (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Crest of a hill play in geomorphological processes?

<p>Facilitates soil creep (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which physiographic region of South Africa can you find a series of folded mountains shaped by tectonic forces?

<p>The Southwestern Cape Fold Belt Mountains (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes laccoliths from lopoliths in their formation?

<p>Laccoliths push overlying strata upwards, while lopoliths cause the lower layer to sink. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do sills differ from dykes in their structure?

<p>Sills are horizontal layers, while dykes are wall-like intrusions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the formation of tors?

<p>Tors form from chemical weathering below the surface and the expansion of rock joints. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do massive igneous rocks primarily form below the Earth's surface?

<p>Because they cool and solidify beneath the Earth's surface. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key distinction between batholiths and laccoliths?

<p>Batholiths are large intrusions composed of granite, while laccoliths are smaller intrusions made of basalt. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do granite domes and tors become visible only after extensive erosion?

<p>As a result of slow weathering processes revealing them over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the Talus (Debris or Scree Slope)?

<p>It is characterized by deposition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event can destabilize a slope by altering its stability through seismic activities?

<p>Volcanic activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mass movement involves the slow flow of water-saturated soil over impermeable materials in cold climates?

<p>Solifluction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does soil creep differ from landslides?

<p>Soil creep involves slow downhill movement, while landslides are rapid movements of earth or rock. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mass movement forms a concave-upward slip surface due to downward and outward rotational movement of slope material?

<p>Slumps (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common environmental impact of mass movement mentioned in the text?

<p>Formation of natural dams and lakes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary human impact mentioned in the text?

<p>Loss of life due to landslides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do vegetation planting mitigate mass movement?

<p>By increasing soil cohesion through root systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mitigation strategy aims to prevent detachment and fall of rock faces?

<p>Rock Bolts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest as a key reason for ongoing research in mitigation strategies?

<p>To address the dynamic nature of geomorphological processes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do safety nets and barriers contribute to mitigating mass movement?

<p>By catching falling rocks or debris (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of retaining walls in the context of mass movement?

<p>To provide physical support to unstable slopes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy aims to lower the risk of slope failure by reducing water infiltration?

<p>Drainage Systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor predominantly leads to economic damages from mass movement?

<p>Destruction of infrastructure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do rock bolts contribute to stabilizing slopes in relation to mass movement?

<p>By stabilizing rock faces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is safeguarding human lives mentioned as crucial in the context of mass movement?

<p>To mitigate loss of life due to landslides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geological structure gives rise to hilly landscapes with prominent hills?

<p>Laccoliths (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of landscape is primarily formed by extensive lava flows over millions of years?

<p>Basaltic plateaus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect significantly influences the development of hilly landscapes?

<p>Chemical weathering (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which landscape type is characterized by its resistance to erosion forming gentle and rounded slopes?

<p>Hilly landscapes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What erosional process contributes significantly to the development of landscapes associated with horizontally layered rocks?

<p>Chemical weathering (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinctive feature of basaltic plateaus?

<p>Sharp peaks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of intrusive bodies known as Batholiths?

<p>They can form extensive landforms when exposed on the surface. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do canyon landscapes primarily differ from Karoo landscapes?

<p>Karoo landscapes are characterized by stepped sides of deep valleys. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geological process widens valleys through lateral erosion, mass movement, and weathering?

<p>Scarp retreat or back wasting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates massive igneous rocks from sedimentary rocks?

<p>Massive igneous rocks do not form in layers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Karoo landscapes differ from canyon landscapes in terms of purpose?

<p>Karoo landscapes are not suitable for agriculture due to rainfall scarcity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do resistance differences within rock layers play in the formation of canyons?

<p>Lead to the development of stepped valley sides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do laccoliths differ from lopoliths in terms of their shape?

<p>Laccoliths are dome-like, while lopoliths are saucer-shaped. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between dykes and sills?

<p>Dykes cut vertically across strata, while sills spread out horizontally between rock layers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of granite domes?

<p>Granite domes are large, smooth, rounded rock formations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geological process is attributed to the formation of tors?

<p>Chemical weathering below the surface, expanding joints in rocks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of batholiths in the landscape?

<p>Forming extensive landforms when exposed on the surface. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do pipes differ from laccoliths?

<p>Pipes transport magma to or near the surface, while laccoliths create dome-like shapes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary geological process responsible for the formation of Granite Domes?

<p>Erosion and weathering (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature characterizes a Convex Slope?

<p>Curves outward, resembling the exterior of a sphere (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Tors from Granite Domes and Granite Pipes?

<p>Characterized by core stones and chemical weathering (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the Southwestern Cape Fold Belt Mountains region significant in South Africa's topography?

<p>Shaped over millions of years through tectonic forces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Great Karoo Basin in South Africa's topography?

<p>Extensive arid landscapes and high elevation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Slopes contribute to the formation of various geographical features?

<p>As essential elements that shape mountains, plateaus, and valleys (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geological process is primarily responsible for widening pediments over time?

<p>Parallel slope retreat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mass movement is characterized by the rapid sliding of earth or rock down a slope, often triggered by rainfall or earthquakes?

<p>Rock falls (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event can lead to the destabilization of slopes through the alteration of stability by seismic activities?

<p>Earthquakes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the formation of natural dams and lakes due to the blockage of rivers by landslide debris?

<p>Environmental impacts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mass movement involves the downward and outward rotational movement of slope material, forming a concave-upward slip surface?

<p>Slumps (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of mitigation strategies mentioned in the text?

<p>Safeguarding against mass movement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do rock bolts contribute to stabilization in the context of mass movement?

<p>By reinforcing unstable rock faces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of safety nets and barriers in mass movement mitigation?

<p>Protecting infrastructure and people (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do drainage systems contribute to mitigating mass movement?

<p>By enhancing slope stability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective of retaining walls in the context of mass movement?

<p>Preventing collapse of unstable slopes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it crucial to understand and implement effective mitigation measures for mass movement?

<p>To safeguard human lives and the environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of mitigation strategies mentioned in the text?

<p>Preventing economic losses from landslides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do rock bolts contribute to stabilizing slopes in relation to mass movement?

<p>By mechanically reinforcing rock faces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Great Karoo Basin in South Africa's topography?

<p>Extensive arid landscapes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do safety nets and barriers contribute to mitigating mass movement?

<p>By catching falling rocks or debris (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of Batholiths?

<p>Extensive lava flows over millions of years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geological structure gives rise to hilly landscapes with prominent hills?

<p>Granite Domes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does vegetation planting mitigate mass movement?

<p>By increasing soil cohesion through root systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes significantly to the development of hilly landscapes?

<p>Horizontal layering of rocks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is safeguarding human lives mentioned as crucial in the context of mass movement?

<p>To prevent loss of life primarily due to rapid landslides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor predominantly leads to economic damages from mass movement?

<p>Destruction of infrastructure and agricultural lands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of safety nets and barriers in mitigating mass movement?

<p>To prevent detachment and fall of rock debris (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do rock bolts contribute to stabilizing slopes in relation to mass movement?

<p>By preventing detachment and fall of rock faces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor predominantly leads to economic damages from mass movement?

<p>Destruction of infrastructure and agricultural lands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do drainage systems contribute to mitigating mass movement?

<p>By lowering the risk of slope failure through water infiltration reduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is safeguarding human lives mentioned as crucial in the context of mass movement?

<p>To protect lives primarily lost due to rapid landslides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective of retaining walls in the context of mass movement?

<p>To provide physical support to unstable slopes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does vegetation planting mitigate mass movement?

<p>By enhancing slope stability through root systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mitigation strategy aims to prevent detachment and fall of rock faces?

<p>Rock bolts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process responsible for the formation of canyon landscapes?

<p>Lateral erosion by rivers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which geological feature is primarily associated with Karoo landscapes?

<p>Mesas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason Karoo landscapes are generally unsuitable for agriculture?

<p>Lack of rainfall and shallow topsoil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes intrusive bodies known as batholiths?

<p>Largest forms of intrusive bodies composed of granite (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of massive igneous rocks, what distinguishes intrusive bodies from extrusive ones?

<p>Intrusive rocks cool and solidify on the surface (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prominent role of scarp retreat in landscape evolution?

<p>Formation of deep canyons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant geological process contributes to the formation of hilly landscapes with gentle and rounded slopes?

<p>Chemical weathering under higher temperatures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do basaltic plateaus primarily differ from hilly landscapes?

<p>Basaltic plateaus are formed by volcanic activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic primarily distinguishes canyon landscapes from basaltic plateaus?

<p>Erosion by water and other agents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common factor influencing the resistance of rocks that contribute to the development of various landscapes?

<p>Composition and mineral content of the rocks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Karoo landscapes differ significantly from canyon landscapes in terms of their geological origins?

<p>Karoo landscapes result from extensive erosion processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor plays a crucial role in determining the shape of basaltic plateaus over millions of years?

<p>Extensive lava flow accumulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do laccoliths primarily affect the overlying strata?

<p>Create a dome-like shape (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes pipes from sills in terms of shape?

<p>Chimney-shaped intrusions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do tors typically consist of piles of partially rounded boulders?

<p>Chemical weathering below the surface (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of massive igneous rocks, what do laccoliths primarily resemble when they intrude between sedimentary layers?

<p>Saucer-shaped intrusions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of sills in the formation of intrusive igneous rock bodies?

<p>Form horizontal layers as magma spreads out (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do granite domes differ from tors in terms of their geological origin?

<p>Penetrate sedimentary layers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do pipes play in shaping the geological landscape?

<p>Acting as conduits to transport magma from deep sources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are granite domes typically exposed at the surface?

<p>By erosion and weathering of sedimentary layers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Tors primarily composed of?

<p>Partially rounded boulders known as core stones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physiographic region in South Africa is known for its folded mountains shaped by tectonic forces?

<p>The Southwestern Cape Fold Belt Mountains (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a Convex Slope from a Concave Slope?

<p>Convex slopes resemble the exterior of a sphere, while concave slopes resemble the interior of a bowl (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the Central Highveld physiographic region in South Africa?

<p>Grassland ecosystem at high elevations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of soil creep?

<p>Imperceptibly slow movement of soil downhill (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event can destabilize a slope by eroding the base?

<p>Human activities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes rock falls from landslides?

<p>Free-fall, bouncing, or rolling of rocks from steep slopes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does solifluction differ from mud flows?

<p>Slow flow of water-saturated soil over impermeable materials in tundra environments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mass movement involves concave-upward rotational movement?

<p>Slumps (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event can lead to slope destabilization through the rapid movement of earth materials?

<p>Earthquakes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of mitigation strategies mentioned in the text?

<p>Reducing the risk and impact of mass movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do rock bolts contribute to stabilizing slopes in relation to mass movement?

<p>By preventing detachment and fall of rock faces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the Talus (Debris or Scree Slope)?

<p>It consists of loose rock fragments at the base of a slope (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geological structure gives rise to hilly landscapes with prominent hills?

<p>Batholiths (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do vegetation planting mitigate mass movement?

<p>By enhancing slope stability through root systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of geological structure gives rise to hilly landscapes with prominent hills?

<p>Granite domes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which geological feature undergoes chemical weathering in hot and humid regions resulting in gentle slopes?

<p>Granite domes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary geological process responsible for the formation of basaltic plateaus over millions of years?

<p>Lava flows (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily influences the development of landscapes associated with horizontally layered rocks?

<p>Rock resistance and climate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geological structure is characterized by its resistance to erosion and the formation of sheet erosion?

<p>Hilly landscapes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which region can we find extensive lava flows accumulating to form basaltic plateaus?

<p>Volcanic regions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do canyon landscapes differ from Karoo landscapes in terms of their characteristics?

<p>Canyon landscapes have prominent cliffs, while Karoo landscapes have steep slopes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinguishing feature of intrusive igneous rock bodies associated with massive igneous rocks?

<p>They form extensive landforms visible on the surface. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does scarp retreat play in shaping landscapes over millions of years?

<p>It transforms original plateaus into mesas and buttes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are massive igneous rocks primarily formed below the Earth's surface?

<p>By cooling and solidifying magma in intrusive bodies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic that distinguishes Batholiths among intrusive bodies?

<p>They are resistant to erosion and weathering processes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature illustrates the transition from mesas to conical hills in Karoo landscapes?

<p><strong>Tebus</strong> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of geological formations are Granite Domes?

<p>Large, smooth rock formations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physiographic region in South Africa is characterized by being semi-arid?

<p>The Great Karoo Basin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor contributing to the unique shape of Tors?

<p>Chemical weathering and joint expansion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of slope resembles the exterior of a sphere?

<p>Convex Slope (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic feature of the Coastal Plain in South Africa?

<p>Flat, low-lying areas adjacent to the coastline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of granite pipes in geological landscapes?

<p>Transporting magma to or near the surface (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mass movement involves the rapid sliding of a mass of earth or rock down a slope, often triggered by rainfall or earthquakes?

<p>Rock Falls (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event can significantly destabilize slopes by altering their stability due to seismic activities?

<p>Earthquakes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of landscape is characterized by a slightly concave plain at the base of a slope, primarily shaped by erosion from running water?

<p>The Pediment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mass movement involves highly fluid, rapid flows of mud, usually initiated in arid or semi-arid areas following intense rainfall?

<p>Mud Flows (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which triggering event of mass movement involves saturating soils, reducing their internal cohesion and promoting downward and outward movement?

<p>Heavy rains (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the movement of water-saturated soil over impermeable materials in cold climates?

<p>Solifluction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of mass movement mitigation strategies?

<p>Reducing the impact and risk of mass movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do rock bolts contribute to stabilizing slopes in the context of mass movement?

<p>By providing physical support to unstable slopes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mitigation strategy aims to prevent water infiltration into slope materials?

<p>Drainage Systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of safety nets and barriers in mitigating mass movement?

<p>Preventing infrastructure destruction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is ongoing research essential for addressing the challenges posed by mass movement?

<p>To safeguard human lives effectively (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do retaining walls contribute to mitigating the effects of mass movement?

<p>By stabilizing rock faces with mechanical reinforcement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significant impact of mass movement on transportation systems?

<p>Causing disruptions and losses in productivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does vegetation planting enhance slope stability in the context of mass movement?

<p>By increasing soil cohesion through root systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of safety nets and barriers in the context of mass movement?

<p>To protect infrastructure from falling debris (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of mass movement on biodiversity?

<p>Minimization of biodiversity due to rapid landslides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key focus of mass movement mitigation strategies?

<p>Protecting infrastructure from destruction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do rock bolts contribute in preventing mass movement?

<p>By reinforcing rock faces mechanically (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of safety nets and barriers in the context of mass movement?

<p>To protect infrastructure and people below (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does vegetation planting contribute to reducing the risk of mass movement?

<p>By enhancing slope stability through root systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of retaining walls in mitigating mass movement?

<p>To provide physical support to unstable slopes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy aims at reducing water infiltration into slope materials?

<p>Drainage Systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do drainage systems help in reducing slope failure risk?

<p>By decreasing the risk of slope failure due to water accumulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are mitigation measures crucial for addressing mass movement challenges?

<p>To safeguard both the environment and human lives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of rock bolts in stabilizing slopes?

<p>To prevent detachment and fall of rock faces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do safety nets contribute to the mitigation of mass movement impacts?

<p>By catching falling rocks or debris to protect infrastructure and people below (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinctive geological structure formed by horizontally layered rocks?

<p>Basaltic plateaus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor plays a crucial role in the development of hilly landscapes?

<p>High temperatures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of landscape is shaped by the resistance of rocks to erosion and erosional agents?

<p>Hilly landscapes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of basaltic plateaus?

<p>Accumulation of lava flows (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which landscape is primarily characterized by gentle and rounded slopes in hot and humid regions?

<p>Hilly landscapes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process significantly influences the development of hilly landscapes?

<p>Chemical weathering (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes laccoliths from sills?

<p>Laccoliths form horizontal layers, while sills cut across existing strata. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do granite domes primarily become exposed at the surface?

<p>As a result of erosion and weathering (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinctive feature of lopoliths?

<p>They cause the lower layer to sink, forming saucer-shaped intrusions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key role of dykes in shaping the geological landscape?

<p>Cutting across existing strata (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do tors differ from granite domes in terms of their rock formations?

<p>Tors have core stones stacked on top of each other, while granite domes penetrate sedimentary layers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of pipes among intrusive bodies associated with massive igneous rocks?

<p>Transporting magma from deep sources to near the surface (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do canyon landscapes primarily develop?

<p>As a result of vertical erosion by rivers exploiting weaknesses in surface layers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Karoo landscapes?

<p>Arid conditions unsuitable for agriculture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of scarp retreat in landscape evolution?

<p>To widen valleys through lateral erosion, mass movement, and weathering (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes massive igneous rocks from sedimentary rocks?

<p>Sedimentary rocks primarily form below the Earth's surface (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do batholiths contribute to landscape formation?

<p>By intruding into spaces within the Earth's crust and solidifying (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process gradually transforms plateaus into various landforms like mesas and buttes?

<p>Scarp retreat or back wasting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a Convex Slope?

<p>It curves outward, resembling the interior of a bowl. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Granite Domes from Tors in terms of their formation?

<p>Granite domes are formed by chemical weathering below the surface. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physiographic region in South Africa is known for its extensive arid landscapes?

<p>The Great Karoo Basin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Pipes in shaping the geological landscape?

<p>Transporting magma to near the surface. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of slope is characterized by its uniform gradient?

<p><strong>Regular Slope</strong> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant role do Granite Domes play in the landscape?

<p>Penetrating sedimentary layers and becoming exposed through erosion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of mitigation strategies mentioned in the text?

<p>Safeguarding infrastructure and human lives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do retaining walls contribute to minimizing the effects of mass movement?

<p>By providing physical support to unstable slopes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of rock bolts in the context of mass movement?

<p>To stabilize rock faces by mechanically reinforcing them (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do drainage systems help in mitigating mass movement?

<p>By reducing water infiltration into slope materials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of safety nets and barriers in relation to mass movement?

<p>Protecting infrastructure and people below (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does vegetation planting aid in minimizing the effects of mass movement?

<p>By enhancing slope stability through root systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do safety nets and barriers play in protecting against mass movement?

<p>Catch falling rocks or debris to protect infrastructure and people below (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Retaining Walls among mitigation strategies for mass movement?

<p>They provide physical support to unstable slopes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Rock Bolts contribute to minimizing mass movement impact?

<p>They stabilize rock faces by mechanically reinforcing them, preventing detachment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of soil creep?

<p>Imperceptibly slow downhill movement of soil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes rock falls from landslides?

<p>Free-fall, bouncing, or rolling of individual rocks from steep slopes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are mud flows characterized?

<p>Highly fluid, rapid mud flows in arid areas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mass movement involves the slow flow of water-saturated soil over impermeable materials?

<p>Solifluction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event can lead to the destabilization of slopes through seismic activities altering stability?

<p>Earthquakes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the formation of natural dams and lakes due to blockage by landslide debris?

<p>Rock Falls (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of landscapes are shaped by a combination of rock resistance, climate, and erosional agents?

<p>Hilly landscapes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are basaltic plateaus primarily formed?

<p>Through volcanic lava flows (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor significantly influences the development of hilly landscapes?

<p>Chemical weathering (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of landscape is characterized by gentle and rounded slopes due to high rainfall leading to mass wasting?

<p>Hilly landscapes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geological structure gives rise to various types of landscapes like canyon and Karoo landscapes?

<p>Horizontally layered rocks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the resistance of rocks play in shaping different landscapes?

<p>Crucial role in landscape development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process leads to the widening of valleys through lateral erosion and mass movement?

<p>Scarp retreat or back wasting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of intrusive body associated with massive igneous rocks is characterized by being the largest?

<p>Batholiths (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Karoo landscapes mainly differ from canyon landscapes?

<p>Arid conditions suitable for agriculture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of massive igneous rocks formation?

<p>Cooling and solidification of magma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of massive igneous rocks, what differentiates them from sedimentary rocks?

<p>Formation through cooling and solidification of magma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key factor that shapes canyon landscapes with deep valleys and stepped sides?

<p>Differential erosion of horizontal rock layers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of slope curves outward, resembling the exterior of a sphere?

<p>Convex Slope (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element of a slope is characterized as the top of a hill and is usually convex?

<p>The Crest (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinctive feature characterizes Tors among rock formations?

<p>Core stones stacked on each other (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physiographic region in South Africa is known for its dry, sandy environment?

<p>The Great Karoo Basin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of granite domes in the landscape?

<p>Exposing underground structures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physiographic region in South Africa is characterized by being semi-arid?

<p>The Great Karoo Basin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes laccoliths from lopoliths in terms of their formation?

<p>Laccoliths sink the lower layer and create saucer-shaped intrusions, while lopoliths push the overlying strata upwards. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes sills among intrusive igneous rock formations?

<p>Sills are horizontal layers formed between existing rock layers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do granite domes typically become visible at the Earth's surface?

<p>By gradual erosion and exposure from overlying material (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinctive feature of granite tor formations?

<p>They consist of piles of partially rounded boulders stacked upon one another (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intrusive igneous body is known for cutting across existing strata vertically?

<p>Dykes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process contributes to the formation of granite tors below the Earth's surface?

<p>Chemical weathering in rocky outcrops (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of mass movement?

<p>Seismic activities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mass movement involves highly fluid and rapid mud flows?

<p>Solifluction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the movement of individual rocks from steep slopes in rock falls?

<p>Weathering and seismic activities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can heavy rains contribute to mass movement?

<p>Saturating soils and increasing their weight (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of landscape does solifluction typically occur in?

<p>Arctic tundra environments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the theory of parallel slope retreat suggest happens as slopes erode over time?

<p>They maintain their angle and length (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of safety nets and barriers in mitigating mass movement?

<p>To protect infrastructure and people from falling rocks and debris (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do drainage systems contribute to reducing the risk of mass movement?

<p>By reducing water infiltration into slope materials (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of retaining walls in minimizing the effects of mass movement?

<p>To provide physical support to unstable slopes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do rock bolts contribute to mitigating mass movement?

<p>By stabilizing rock faces mechanically to prevent detachment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of mass movement, how does vegetation planting primarily enhance slope stability?

<p>By increasing soil cohesion through root systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy aims at providing physical support to unstable slopes?

<p>Rock bolts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are mitigation measures considered crucial in addressing mass movement challenges?

<p>To reduce the risk and impact of mass movement on both the environment and human lives (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of mitigation strategies in relation to mass movement?

<p>To focus on reducing risk and impact through engineering and natural solutions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do safety nets differ from drainage systems in mitigating mass movement?

<p>Safety nets catch falling rocks, drainage systems stabilize rock faces mechanically (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of retaining walls in the context of mass movement?

<p>To provide physical support to unstable slopes preventing collapse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of mass movement mitigation strategies?

<p>Reducing risk and impact of mass movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do safety nets and barriers contribute to minimizing the effects of mass movement?

<p>Enhancing slope stability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of rock bolts in mitigating mass movement?

<p>Stabilizing rock faces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do drainage systems help in reducing the risk of slope failure?

<p>Reducing water infiltration into slope materials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of retaining walls in mitigating mass movement?

<p>Providing physical support to unstable slopes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does vegetation planting aid in enhancing slope stability?

<p>Reducing landslides impacts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature characterizes safety nets and barriers in protecting against mass movement?

<p>Catching falling rocks or debris (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are rock bolts essential in stabilizing rock faces during mass movement?

<p>To provide mechanical reinforcement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of drainage systems in mitigating mass movement?

<p>Reducing water infiltration into slope materials to lower the risk of slope failure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do safety nets and barriers contribute to safeguarding against mass movement impacts?

<p>Catching falling rocks or debris to protect infrastructure and people below. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers
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