CH SUM 2: Geomorphology
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Questions and Answers

What type of landscape is characterized by gentle and rounded slopes?

  • Canyon landscapes
  • Basaltic plateaus
  • Karoo landscapes
  • Hilly landscapes (correct)

    • What geological structure gives rise to various types of landscapes?

  • Metamorphic rocks
  • Horizontally layered rocks (correct)
  • Vertical rock formations
  • Folded rocks

    • What contributes significantly to the development of hilly landscapes?

  • Climate (correct)
  • Volcanic activity
  • Basaltic plateaus
  • Erosional agents

    • How are basaltic plateaus formed?

    <p>By extensive lava flows from long cracks in the Earth's crust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor influences the development of hilly landscapes by promoting chemical weathering?

    <p>Higher temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a crucial role in forming prominent hills within hilly landscapes?

    <p>Resistance of the rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of landscape do canyon landscapes develop in?

    <p>Regions with horizontal layers of rock eroding at different rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Karoo landscapes?

    <p>Large areas covered with horizontal layers of rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process widens valleys through lateral erosion, mass movement, and weathering?

    <p>Scarp retreat or back wasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do massive igneous rocks primarily form?

    <p>Through the cooling and solidification of magma below the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of Batholiths?

    <p>They are the largest forms of intrusive bodies, usually composed of granite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do canyon landscapes differ from Karoo landscapes in terms of erosion?

    <p>Canyon landscapes erode vertically, while Karoo landscapes experience horizontal erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary geological process responsible for the formation of Tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region in South Africa is characterized by extensive arid landscapes?

    <p>The Great Karoo Basin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a Concave Slope from other slope types?

    <p>Curves inward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Granite Domes typically become exposed at the surface?

    <p>Erosion and weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Crest of a hill play in geomorphological processes?

    <p>Facilitates soil creep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which physiographic region of South Africa can you find a series of folded mountains shaped by tectonic forces?

    <p>The Southwestern Cape Fold Belt Mountains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes laccoliths from lopoliths in their formation?

    <p>Laccoliths push overlying strata upwards, while lopoliths cause the lower layer to sink.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sills differ from dykes in their structure?

    <p>Sills are horizontal layers, while dykes are wall-like intrusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the formation of tors?

    <p>Tors form from chemical weathering below the surface and the expansion of rock joints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do massive igneous rocks primarily form below the Earth's surface?

    <p>Because they cool and solidify beneath the Earth's surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key distinction between batholiths and laccoliths?

    <p>Batholiths are large intrusions composed of granite, while laccoliths are smaller intrusions made of basalt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do granite domes and tors become visible only after extensive erosion?

    <p>As a result of slow weathering processes revealing them over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the Talus (Debris or Scree Slope)?

    <p>It is characterized by deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event can destabilize a slope by altering its stability through seismic activities?

    <p>Volcanic activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mass movement involves the slow flow of water-saturated soil over impermeable materials in cold climates?

    <p>Solifluction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does soil creep differ from landslides?

    <p>Soil creep involves slow downhill movement, while landslides are rapid movements of earth or rock.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mass movement forms a concave-upward slip surface due to downward and outward rotational movement of slope material?

    <p>Slumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common environmental impact of mass movement mentioned in the text?

    <p>Formation of natural dams and lakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary human impact mentioned in the text?

    <p>Loss of life due to landslides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do vegetation planting mitigate mass movement?

    <p>By increasing soil cohesion through root systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mitigation strategy aims to prevent detachment and fall of rock faces?

    <p>Rock Bolts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest as a key reason for ongoing research in mitigation strategies?

    <p>To address the dynamic nature of geomorphological processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do safety nets and barriers contribute to mitigating mass movement?

    <p>By catching falling rocks or debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of retaining walls in the context of mass movement?

    <p>To provide physical support to unstable slopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy aims to lower the risk of slope failure by reducing water infiltration?

    <p>Drainage Systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor predominantly leads to economic damages from mass movement?

    <p>Destruction of infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do rock bolts contribute to stabilizing slopes in relation to mass movement?

    <p>By stabilizing rock faces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is safeguarding human lives mentioned as crucial in the context of mass movement?

    <p>To mitigate loss of life due to landslides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological structure gives rise to hilly landscapes with prominent hills?

    <p>Laccoliths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of landscape is primarily formed by extensive lava flows over millions of years?

    <p>Basaltic plateaus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect significantly influences the development of hilly landscapes?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which landscape type is characterized by its resistance to erosion forming gentle and rounded slopes?

    <p>Hilly landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What erosional process contributes significantly to the development of landscapes associated with horizontally layered rocks?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinctive feature of basaltic plateaus?

    <p>Sharp peaks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of intrusive bodies known as Batholiths?

    <p>They can form extensive landforms when exposed on the surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do canyon landscapes primarily differ from Karoo landscapes?

    <p>Karoo landscapes are characterized by stepped sides of deep valleys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process widens valleys through lateral erosion, mass movement, and weathering?

    <p>Scarp retreat or back wasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates massive igneous rocks from sedimentary rocks?

    <p>Massive igneous rocks do not form in layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Karoo landscapes differ from canyon landscapes in terms of purpose?

    <p>Karoo landscapes are not suitable for agriculture due to rainfall scarcity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do resistance differences within rock layers play in the formation of canyons?

    <p>Lead to the development of stepped valley sides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do laccoliths differ from lopoliths in terms of their shape?

    <p>Laccoliths are dome-like, while lopoliths are saucer-shaped.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between dykes and sills?

    <p>Dykes cut vertically across strata, while sills spread out horizontally between rock layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of granite domes?

    <p>Granite domes are large, smooth, rounded rock formations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process is attributed to the formation of tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering below the surface, expanding joints in rocks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of batholiths in the landscape?

    <p>Forming extensive landforms when exposed on the surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do pipes differ from laccoliths?

    <p>Pipes transport magma to or near the surface, while laccoliths create dome-like shapes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary geological process responsible for the formation of Granite Domes?

    <p>Erosion and weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature characterizes a Convex Slope?

    <p>Curves outward, resembling the exterior of a sphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Tors from Granite Domes and Granite Pipes?

    <p>Characterized by core stones and chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the Southwestern Cape Fold Belt Mountains region significant in South Africa's topography?

    <p>Shaped over millions of years through tectonic forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the Great Karoo Basin in South Africa's topography?

    <p>Extensive arid landscapes and high elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Slopes contribute to the formation of various geographical features?

    <p>As essential elements that shape mountains, plateaus, and valleys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process is primarily responsible for widening pediments over time?

    <p>Parallel slope retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mass movement is characterized by the rapid sliding of earth or rock down a slope, often triggered by rainfall or earthquakes?

    <p>Rock falls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event can lead to the destabilization of slopes through the alteration of stability by seismic activities?

    <p>Earthquakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the formation of natural dams and lakes due to the blockage of rivers by landslide debris?

    <p>Environmental impacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mass movement involves the downward and outward rotational movement of slope material, forming a concave-upward slip surface?

    <p>Slumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of mitigation strategies mentioned in the text?

    <p>Safeguarding against mass movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do rock bolts contribute to stabilization in the context of mass movement?

    <p>By reinforcing unstable rock faces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of safety nets and barriers in mass movement mitigation?

    <p>Protecting infrastructure and people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do drainage systems contribute to mitigating mass movement?

    <p>By enhancing slope stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of retaining walls in the context of mass movement?

    <p>Preventing collapse of unstable slopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it crucial to understand and implement effective mitigation measures for mass movement?

    <p>To safeguard human lives and the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of mitigation strategies mentioned in the text?

    <p>Preventing economic losses from landslides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do rock bolts contribute to stabilizing slopes in relation to mass movement?

    <p>By mechanically reinforcing rock faces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the Great Karoo Basin in South Africa's topography?

    <p>Extensive arid landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do safety nets and barriers contribute to mitigating mass movement?

    <p>By catching falling rocks or debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Batholiths?

    <p>Extensive lava flows over millions of years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological structure gives rise to hilly landscapes with prominent hills?

    <p>Granite Domes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does vegetation planting mitigate mass movement?

    <p>By increasing soil cohesion through root systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes significantly to the development of hilly landscapes?

    <p>Horizontal layering of rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is safeguarding human lives mentioned as crucial in the context of mass movement?

    <p>To prevent loss of life primarily due to rapid landslides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor predominantly leads to economic damages from mass movement?

    <p>Destruction of infrastructure and agricultural lands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of safety nets and barriers in mitigating mass movement?

    <p>To prevent detachment and fall of rock debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do rock bolts contribute to stabilizing slopes in relation to mass movement?

    <p>By preventing detachment and fall of rock faces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor predominantly leads to economic damages from mass movement?

    <p>Destruction of infrastructure and agricultural lands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do drainage systems contribute to mitigating mass movement?

    <p>By lowering the risk of slope failure through water infiltration reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is safeguarding human lives mentioned as crucial in the context of mass movement?

    <p>To protect lives primarily lost due to rapid landslides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of retaining walls in the context of mass movement?

    <p>To provide physical support to unstable slopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does vegetation planting mitigate mass movement?

    <p>By enhancing slope stability through root systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mitigation strategy aims to prevent detachment and fall of rock faces?

    <p>Rock bolts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process responsible for the formation of canyon landscapes?

    <p>Lateral erosion by rivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which geological feature is primarily associated with Karoo landscapes?

    <p>Mesas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason Karoo landscapes are generally unsuitable for agriculture?

    <p>Lack of rainfall and shallow topsoil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes intrusive bodies known as batholiths?

    <p>Largest forms of intrusive bodies composed of granite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of massive igneous rocks, what distinguishes intrusive bodies from extrusive ones?

    <p>Intrusive rocks cool and solidify on the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prominent role of scarp retreat in landscape evolution?

    <p>Formation of deep canyons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant geological process contributes to the formation of hilly landscapes with gentle and rounded slopes?

    <p>Chemical weathering under higher temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do basaltic plateaus primarily differ from hilly landscapes?

    <p>Basaltic plateaus are formed by volcanic activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic primarily distinguishes canyon landscapes from basaltic plateaus?

    <p>Erosion by water and other agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common factor influencing the resistance of rocks that contribute to the development of various landscapes?

    <p>Composition and mineral content of the rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Karoo landscapes differ significantly from canyon landscapes in terms of their geological origins?

    <p>Karoo landscapes result from extensive erosion processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor plays a crucial role in determining the shape of basaltic plateaus over millions of years?

    <p>Extensive lava flow accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do laccoliths primarily affect the overlying strata?

    <p>Create a dome-like shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes pipes from sills in terms of shape?

    <p>Chimney-shaped intrusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do tors typically consist of piles of partially rounded boulders?

    <p>Chemical weathering below the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of massive igneous rocks, what do laccoliths primarily resemble when they intrude between sedimentary layers?

    <p>Saucer-shaped intrusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of sills in the formation of intrusive igneous rock bodies?

    <p>Form horizontal layers as magma spreads out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do granite domes differ from tors in terms of their geological origin?

    <p>Penetrate sedimentary layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do pipes play in shaping the geological landscape?

    <p>Acting as conduits to transport magma from deep sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are granite domes typically exposed at the surface?

    <p>By erosion and weathering of sedimentary layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Tors primarily composed of?

    <p>Partially rounded boulders known as core stones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiographic region in South Africa is known for its folded mountains shaped by tectonic forces?

    <p>The Southwestern Cape Fold Belt Mountains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a Convex Slope from a Concave Slope?

    <p>Convex slopes resemble the exterior of a sphere, while concave slopes resemble the interior of a bowl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the Central Highveld physiographic region in South Africa?

    <p>Grassland ecosystem at high elevations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of soil creep?

    <p>Imperceptibly slow movement of soil downhill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event can destabilize a slope by eroding the base?

    <p>Human activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes rock falls from landslides?

    <p>Free-fall, bouncing, or rolling of rocks from steep slopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does solifluction differ from mud flows?

    <p>Slow flow of water-saturated soil over impermeable materials in tundra environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mass movement involves concave-upward rotational movement?

    <p>Slumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event can lead to slope destabilization through the rapid movement of earth materials?

    <p>Earthquakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of mitigation strategies mentioned in the text?

    <p>Reducing the risk and impact of mass movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do rock bolts contribute to stabilizing slopes in relation to mass movement?

    <p>By preventing detachment and fall of rock faces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the Talus (Debris or Scree Slope)?

    <p>It consists of loose rock fragments at the base of a slope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological structure gives rise to hilly landscapes with prominent hills?

    <p>Batholiths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do vegetation planting mitigate mass movement?

    <p>By enhancing slope stability through root systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of geological structure gives rise to hilly landscapes with prominent hills?

    <p>Granite domes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which geological feature undergoes chemical weathering in hot and humid regions resulting in gentle slopes?

    <p>Granite domes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary geological process responsible for the formation of basaltic plateaus over millions of years?

    <p>Lava flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily influences the development of landscapes associated with horizontally layered rocks?

    <p>Rock resistance and climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological structure is characterized by its resistance to erosion and the formation of sheet erosion?

    <p>Hilly landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which region can we find extensive lava flows accumulating to form basaltic plateaus?

    <p>Volcanic regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do canyon landscapes differ from Karoo landscapes in terms of their characteristics?

    <p>Canyon landscapes have prominent cliffs, while Karoo landscapes have steep slopes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinguishing feature of intrusive igneous rock bodies associated with massive igneous rocks?

    <p>They form extensive landforms visible on the surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does scarp retreat play in shaping landscapes over millions of years?

    <p>It transforms original plateaus into mesas and buttes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are massive igneous rocks primarily formed below the Earth's surface?

    <p>By cooling and solidifying magma in intrusive bodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic that distinguishes Batholiths among intrusive bodies?

    <p>They are resistant to erosion and weathering processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature illustrates the transition from mesas to conical hills in Karoo landscapes?

    <p><strong>Tebus</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of geological formations are Granite Domes?

    <p>Large, smooth rock formations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiographic region in South Africa is characterized by being semi-arid?

    <p>The Great Karoo Basin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor contributing to the unique shape of Tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering and joint expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of slope resembles the exterior of a sphere?

    <p>Convex Slope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic feature of the Coastal Plain in South Africa?

    <p>Flat, low-lying areas adjacent to the coastline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of granite pipes in geological landscapes?

    <p>Transporting magma to or near the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mass movement involves the rapid sliding of a mass of earth or rock down a slope, often triggered by rainfall or earthquakes?

    <p>Rock Falls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event can significantly destabilize slopes by altering their stability due to seismic activities?

    <p>Earthquakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of landscape is characterized by a slightly concave plain at the base of a slope, primarily shaped by erosion from running water?

    <p>The Pediment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mass movement involves highly fluid, rapid flows of mud, usually initiated in arid or semi-arid areas following intense rainfall?

    <p>Mud Flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which triggering event of mass movement involves saturating soils, reducing their internal cohesion and promoting downward and outward movement?

    <p>Heavy rains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the movement of water-saturated soil over impermeable materials in cold climates?

    <p>Solifluction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of mass movement mitigation strategies?

    <p>Reducing the impact and risk of mass movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do rock bolts contribute to stabilizing slopes in the context of mass movement?

    <p>By providing physical support to unstable slopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mitigation strategy aims to prevent water infiltration into slope materials?

    <p>Drainage Systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of safety nets and barriers in mitigating mass movement?

    <p>Preventing infrastructure destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is ongoing research essential for addressing the challenges posed by mass movement?

    <p>To safeguard human lives effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do retaining walls contribute to mitigating the effects of mass movement?

    <p>By stabilizing rock faces with mechanical reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significant impact of mass movement on transportation systems?

    <p>Causing disruptions and losses in productivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does vegetation planting enhance slope stability in the context of mass movement?

    <p>By increasing soil cohesion through root systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of safety nets and barriers in the context of mass movement?

    <p>To protect infrastructure from falling debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of mass movement on biodiversity?

    <p>Minimization of biodiversity due to rapid landslides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key focus of mass movement mitigation strategies?

    <p>Protecting infrastructure from destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do rock bolts contribute in preventing mass movement?

    <p>By reinforcing rock faces mechanically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of safety nets and barriers in the context of mass movement?

    <p>To protect infrastructure and people below</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does vegetation planting contribute to reducing the risk of mass movement?

    <p>By enhancing slope stability through root systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of retaining walls in mitigating mass movement?

    <p>To provide physical support to unstable slopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy aims at reducing water infiltration into slope materials?

    <p>Drainage Systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do drainage systems help in reducing slope failure risk?

    <p>By decreasing the risk of slope failure due to water accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are mitigation measures crucial for addressing mass movement challenges?

    <p>To safeguard both the environment and human lives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of rock bolts in stabilizing slopes?

    <p>To prevent detachment and fall of rock faces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do safety nets contribute to the mitigation of mass movement impacts?

    <p>By catching falling rocks or debris to protect infrastructure and people below</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinctive geological structure formed by horizontally layered rocks?

    <p>Basaltic plateaus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor plays a crucial role in the development of hilly landscapes?

    <p>High temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of landscape is shaped by the resistance of rocks to erosion and erosional agents?

    <p>Hilly landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of basaltic plateaus?

    <p>Accumulation of lava flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which landscape is primarily characterized by gentle and rounded slopes in hot and humid regions?

    <p>Hilly landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process significantly influences the development of hilly landscapes?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes laccoliths from sills?

    <p>Laccoliths form horizontal layers, while sills cut across existing strata.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do granite domes primarily become exposed at the surface?

    <p>As a result of erosion and weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinctive feature of lopoliths?

    <p>They cause the lower layer to sink, forming saucer-shaped intrusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key role of dykes in shaping the geological landscape?

    <p>Cutting across existing strata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do tors differ from granite domes in terms of their rock formations?

    <p>Tors have core stones stacked on top of each other, while granite domes penetrate sedimentary layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of pipes among intrusive bodies associated with massive igneous rocks?

    <p>Transporting magma from deep sources to near the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do canyon landscapes primarily develop?

    <p>As a result of vertical erosion by rivers exploiting weaknesses in surface layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Karoo landscapes?

    <p>Arid conditions unsuitable for agriculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of scarp retreat in landscape evolution?

    <p>To widen valleys through lateral erosion, mass movement, and weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes massive igneous rocks from sedimentary rocks?

    <p>Sedimentary rocks primarily form below the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do batholiths contribute to landscape formation?

    <p>By intruding into spaces within the Earth's crust and solidifying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process gradually transforms plateaus into various landforms like mesas and buttes?

    <p>Scarp retreat or back wasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a Convex Slope?

    <p>It curves outward, resembling the interior of a bowl.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Granite Domes from Tors in terms of their formation?

    <p>Granite domes are formed by chemical weathering below the surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiographic region in South Africa is known for its extensive arid landscapes?

    <p>The Great Karoo Basin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Pipes in shaping the geological landscape?

    <p>Transporting magma to near the surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of slope is characterized by its uniform gradient?

    <p><strong>Regular Slope</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant role do Granite Domes play in the landscape?

    <p>Penetrating sedimentary layers and becoming exposed through erosion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of mitigation strategies mentioned in the text?

    <p>Safeguarding infrastructure and human lives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do retaining walls contribute to minimizing the effects of mass movement?

    <p>By providing physical support to unstable slopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of rock bolts in the context of mass movement?

    <p>To stabilize rock faces by mechanically reinforcing them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do drainage systems help in mitigating mass movement?

    <p>By reducing water infiltration into slope materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key benefit of safety nets and barriers in relation to mass movement?

    <p>Protecting infrastructure and people below</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does vegetation planting aid in minimizing the effects of mass movement?

    <p>By enhancing slope stability through root systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do safety nets and barriers play in protecting against mass movement?

    <p>Catch falling rocks or debris to protect infrastructure and people below</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Retaining Walls among mitigation strategies for mass movement?

    <p>They provide physical support to unstable slopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Rock Bolts contribute to minimizing mass movement impact?

    <p>They stabilize rock faces by mechanically reinforcing them, preventing detachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of soil creep?

    <p>Imperceptibly slow downhill movement of soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes rock falls from landslides?

    <p>Free-fall, bouncing, or rolling of individual rocks from steep slopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are mud flows characterized?

    <p>Highly fluid, rapid mud flows in arid areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mass movement involves the slow flow of water-saturated soil over impermeable materials?

    <p>Solifluction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event can lead to the destabilization of slopes through seismic activities altering stability?

    <p>Earthquakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the formation of natural dams and lakes due to blockage by landslide debris?

    <p>Rock Falls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of landscapes are shaped by a combination of rock resistance, climate, and erosional agents?

    <p>Hilly landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are basaltic plateaus primarily formed?

    <p>Through volcanic lava flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor significantly influences the development of hilly landscapes?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of landscape is characterized by gentle and rounded slopes due to high rainfall leading to mass wasting?

    <p>Hilly landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological structure gives rise to various types of landscapes like canyon and Karoo landscapes?

    <p>Horizontally layered rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the resistance of rocks play in shaping different landscapes?

    <p>Crucial role in landscape development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process leads to the widening of valleys through lateral erosion and mass movement?

    <p>Scarp retreat or back wasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body associated with massive igneous rocks is characterized by being the largest?

    <p>Batholiths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Karoo landscapes mainly differ from canyon landscapes?

    <p>Arid conditions suitable for agriculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of massive igneous rocks formation?

    <p>Cooling and solidification of magma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of massive igneous rocks, what differentiates them from sedimentary rocks?

    <p>Formation through cooling and solidification of magma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key factor that shapes canyon landscapes with deep valleys and stepped sides?

    <p>Differential erosion of horizontal rock layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of slope curves outward, resembling the exterior of a sphere?

    <p>Convex Slope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element of a slope is characterized as the top of a hill and is usually convex?

    <p>The Crest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinctive feature characterizes Tors among rock formations?

    <p>Core stones stacked on each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiographic region in South Africa is known for its dry, sandy environment?

    <p>The Great Karoo Basin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of granite domes in the landscape?

    <p>Exposing underground structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiographic region in South Africa is characterized by being semi-arid?

    <p>The Great Karoo Basin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes laccoliths from lopoliths in terms of their formation?

    <p>Laccoliths sink the lower layer and create saucer-shaped intrusions, while lopoliths push the overlying strata upwards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes sills among intrusive igneous rock formations?

    <p>Sills are horizontal layers formed between existing rock layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do granite domes typically become visible at the Earth's surface?

    <p>By gradual erosion and exposure from overlying material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinctive feature of granite tor formations?

    <p>They consist of piles of partially rounded boulders stacked upon one another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intrusive igneous body is known for cutting across existing strata vertically?

    <p>Dykes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process contributes to the formation of granite tors below the Earth's surface?

    <p>Chemical weathering in rocky outcrops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of mass movement?

    <p>Seismic activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mass movement involves highly fluid and rapid mud flows?

    <p>Solifluction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the movement of individual rocks from steep slopes in rock falls?

    <p>Weathering and seismic activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can heavy rains contribute to mass movement?

    <p>Saturating soils and increasing their weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of landscape does solifluction typically occur in?

    <p>Arctic tundra environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the theory of parallel slope retreat suggest happens as slopes erode over time?

    <p>They maintain their angle and length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of safety nets and barriers in mitigating mass movement?

    <p>To protect infrastructure and people from falling rocks and debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do drainage systems contribute to reducing the risk of mass movement?

    <p>By reducing water infiltration into slope materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of retaining walls in minimizing the effects of mass movement?

    <p>To provide physical support to unstable slopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do rock bolts contribute to mitigating mass movement?

    <p>By stabilizing rock faces mechanically to prevent detachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of mass movement, how does vegetation planting primarily enhance slope stability?

    <p>By increasing soil cohesion through root systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy aims at providing physical support to unstable slopes?

    <p>Rock bolts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are mitigation measures considered crucial in addressing mass movement challenges?

    <p>To reduce the risk and impact of mass movement on both the environment and human lives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of mitigation strategies in relation to mass movement?

    <p>To focus on reducing risk and impact through engineering and natural solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do safety nets differ from drainage systems in mitigating mass movement?

    <p>Safety nets catch falling rocks, drainage systems stabilize rock faces mechanically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of retaining walls in the context of mass movement?

    <p>To provide physical support to unstable slopes preventing collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of mass movement mitigation strategies?

    <p>Reducing risk and impact of mass movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do safety nets and barriers contribute to minimizing the effects of mass movement?

    <p>Enhancing slope stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of rock bolts in mitigating mass movement?

    <p>Stabilizing rock faces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do drainage systems help in reducing the risk of slope failure?

    <p>Reducing water infiltration into slope materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of retaining walls in mitigating mass movement?

    <p>Providing physical support to unstable slopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does vegetation planting aid in enhancing slope stability?

    <p>Reducing landslides impacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature characterizes safety nets and barriers in protecting against mass movement?

    <p>Catching falling rocks or debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are rock bolts essential in stabilizing rock faces during mass movement?

    <p>To provide mechanical reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of drainage systems in mitigating mass movement?

    <p>Reducing water infiltration into slope materials to lower the risk of slope failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do safety nets and barriers contribute to safeguarding against mass movement impacts?

    <p>Catching falling rocks or debris to protect infrastructure and people below.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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