Geology Quiz: Rock Types and Processes
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Questions and Answers

What is basalt primarily formed from?

  • The compaction of mineral grains
  • The accumulation of organic materials
  • The solidification of molten lava (correct)
  • The weathering of sedimentary rocks

Which of the following is a primary component of sandstone?

  • Limestone
  • Granite
  • Quartz sand (correct)
  • Basalt

What are outcrops?

  • Exposed rock formations found on the surface (correct)
  • Subterranean rock structures observed during drilling
  • Minerals extracted from ore deposits
  • Fossils found embedded in rock layers

What does structural geology primarily study?

<p>Rock formations and their deformations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor related to the environment as outlined?

<p>Rock hardness and texture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of limestone?

<p>Calcium Carbonate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of rock undergoes transformation through melting?

<p>Metamorphic Rock (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is breccia primarily composed of?

<p>Large angular fragments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What natural process primarily leads to the formation of shale?

<p>Burial and compaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is NOT part of the rock cycle?

<p>Formation of oil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of metamorphic rock is hornfel categorized as?

<p>Non-foliated (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of conglomerate rocks?

<p>Cemented rounded pebbles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What transformation process affects all types of rocks in the rock cycle?

<p>Weathering and erosion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the hanging wall in a fault system?

<p>The rock mass resting on the fault plane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint is described as formed in tubular igneous masses?

<p>Columnar joints (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does compression stress have on rocks?

<p>It pushes rocks together (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of stress that can affect rocks?

<p>Torsion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joints results from the shearing stresses within rocks?

<p>Shear joints (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is compressive strength in the context of rocks?

<p>The maximum amount of compressive stress a rock can withstand (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a clinometer compass in geology?

<p>To measure the dip and strike of rock layers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect the rock cycle?

<p>Humidity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of monocline folds?

<p>They possess step-like features in rock strata. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint is characterized by a regular occurrence and distinct regularity?

<p>Systematic Joints (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is required for the formation of mud cracks?

<p>Drying of the mud (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of geological map illustrates geological structures like folds and faults?

<p>Structural maps (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which map type focuses on the surface materials like soils and glacial deposits?

<p>Surficial maps (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fault occurs when large rock masses are pushed beyond their yield limit?

<p>Faulting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tools are integrated into a Brunton compass?

<p>Clinometer and compass functions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fold type features an incline in the axial plane?

<p>Asymmetrical Folds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of geological map mentioned?

<p>Topographic maps (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential characteristic of strike joints?

<p>They are oriented parallel to the strike of the rocks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is apparent dip typically measured?

<p>In any direction other than perpendicular (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shape characterizes basins in geological terms?

<p>A shape that sinks down into the ground. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic feature is essential for clinometer compasses?

<p>A circular graduated dial (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which classification of joints does not feature regularity in their occurrence?

<p>Non-Systematic Joints (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which geological map is intended to display various minerals and their resources?

<p>Mineral maps (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fault plane?

<p>The surface along which movement occurred. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of using detailed imaging in dam construction?

<p>Provides accurate data (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is NOT associated with desktop surveys?

<p>Providing real-time data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a limitation of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)?

<p>Sensitivity to highly conductive materials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Geochemical surveys are primarily used for which purpose?

<p>Environmental studies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does seismic methods play in civil engineering?

<p>Natural hazard assessment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in site exploration as related to desktop survey?

<p>Initial site assessment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes a limitation of seismic methods?

<p>Their operation can be costly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which application are geochemical surveys primarily utilized?

<p>Mining projects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Basalt

Solidified molten lava.

Sandstone

Sedimentary rock mostly quartz sand, sometimes feldspar and silt/clay.

Structural Geology

Study of rock formations and deformations in Earth's crust.

Outcrops

Exposed rock formations on the Earth's surface.

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Igneous Outcrops

Exposed sections of igneous rocks.

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Igneous Rocks

Rocks formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.

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Sedimentary Rocks

Rocks formed from the accumulation and compaction of sediments.

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Metamorphic Rocks

Rocks changed by heat and pressure, transforming existing rocks.

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Rock Cycle

The continuous process of transformation between igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.

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Weathering and Erosion

The processes that break down and transport rock material.

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Burial and Compaction

Process where sediment layers accumulate and are pressed together under earth's weight.

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Lithification

The process of sediments turning into rock by cementation.

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Cooling and Solidification

The process where molten rock (magma/lava) cools and turns to solid rock.

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Apparent Dip

The angle of inclination of a rock layer measured in any direction other than perpendicular.

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Clinometer Compass

A compass with a clinometer to measure the dip and strike of rock layers.

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Dip and Strike

Measurements used to describe the orientation of rock layers.

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Geological Maps

Maps showing different rock types, their arrangements, and geological structures.

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Bedrock Maps

Maps that show locations and distribution of rock layers.

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Surficial Maps

Maps displaying the arrangement of surface materials like sediment and soil.

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Structural Maps

Maps showing geological structures like folds and faults in a region.

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Brunton Compass

A compass with both compass and clinometer functions to determine the orientation of geological features.

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Joint System

A group of intersecting joints in rock formations.

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Monocline Fold

A step-like fold in rock layers.

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Fault Plane

The surface along which movement in a fault occurs.

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Systematic Joints

Joints with regular patterns of occurrence.

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Dip Joints

Joints parallel to the dip direction of the rock layers.

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Tension Joints

Joints formed by stress pulling apart rocks.

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Fault Scarp

The steep cliff formed after a fault movement.

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Hanging Wall

The rock mass that sits above the fault plane.

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Foot Wall

The rock mass beneath the fault plane.

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Tension Stress

Stress that pulls rocks in opposite directions, stretching them apart.

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Compression Stress

Stress that pushes rocks together, squeezing them.

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Shear Stress

Stress that pushes one side of a rock in one direction, and the opposite side in the opposite direction.

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Compressive Strength

The maximum amount of compressive stress a rock can withstand before breaking.

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What is the Rock Cycle?

A continuous process of creation, transformation, and destruction of rocks, driven by Earth's internal heat and surface processes.

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Detailed Imaging

A technique that provides a comprehensive and detailed view of the subsurface, often using advanced imaging technologies like ground penetrating radar (GPR).

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Dam Construction

The process of building a dam, a large structure that impounds water for various purposes.

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Site Analysis

The first step in planning a project. It includes evaluating geological conditions, environmental factors, and potential risks.

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Desktop Survey

An initial assessment of a site using existing data like maps, reports, and aerial imagery, to identify potential issues and opportunities.

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Geochemical Surveys

A method for studying the chemical composition of rocks and soil to understand the geological history of the area and identify potential resources.

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Seismic Methods

A technique for studying the subsurface by generating and analyzing seismic waves, similar to how doctors use ultrasound.

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Environmental Studies

A study of the impact of human activities on the environment.

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Civil Engineering

A branch of engineering that focuses on the design, construction, and maintenance of infrastructure like roads, bridges, and buildings.

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Study Notes

Petrology and Rocks

  • Petrology is the scientific study of rocks, focusing on their composition, origin, formation, and changes over geological time.
  • Rocks are classified into three main types: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
  • Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of molten magma or lava.
  • Sedimentary rocks form from the accumulation of sediments, like sand and particles created from weathered rocks.
  • Metamorphic rocks are formed from existing rocks undergoing changes in pressure, temperature, or chemical environment.
  • Rocks are formed through processes like crystallization, weathering, erosion, and deposition.

Rock Formation and Processes

  • Crystallization occurs when cooling magma or lava results in the formation of crystals.
  • Weathering, erosion, and deposition involve the breakdown, transport, and deposition of rocks into layers.
  • Metamorphism changes rocks' form without melting them, under high pressure or heat.

Analyzing Rock Composition

  • Microscopy involves examining thin sections of rocks.
  • Chemical analysis determines the mineral composition.
  • Phase diagrams illustrate the stability of different minerals under varying conditions.

Studying Rock Textures and Structures

  • Rock textures refer to grain size, shape, and arrangement.
  • Examples of textures include fine-grained (cooled quickly) and coarse-grained (cooled slowly).
  • Rock structures include layering, banding, or deformation patterns.

Applications of Petrology

  • Polarizing microscopes provide detailed visual analysis.
  • X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometers measure elemental composition.
  • Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) offer high-resolution images of rock surfaces and minerals.
  • Mass spectrometers (ICP-MS) measure trace elements and isotopic compositions.
  • Rock saws and thin section machines prepare rock samples.

Importance/Applications of Rocks/Petrology (UNEEP)

  • Understanding Earth's structure and evolution is crucial.
  • Natural resources exploration is enhanced.
  • Environmental and climate research is facilitated.

Classification of Rocks

  • Igneous Rocks are further categorized into extrusive (lava) and intrusive (plutonic).
  • Sedimentary Rocks are categorized into clastic (fragments of pre-existing rocks), chemical (precipitated from water), biochemical (from living organisms' remains), and organic (organic material).
  • Metamorphic Rocks include foliated (layered) rocks and non-foliated (non-layered) rocks, like marble and quartzite.

Rock Cycle

  • A conceptual model that displays the transformation between rock types over time.

Structural Geology and Mechanics

  • Structural geology studies rock formations and their deformations (e.g., folds, faults).
  • Rock mechanics examines rock behavior response to forces (strength, deformation),
  • The attitude of a bed refers to the orientation, with strike and dip measurements.
  • Types of faults include dip-slip (normal, reverse) and strike-slip (transcurrent, wrench).
  • Folds are bending in rock layers, classified as anticline (upward), syncline (downward).

Study of Structures

  • Folding involves the development of bends in rock layers.
  • Faults are fractures where rock blocks have moved past one another.

Types of Faults

  • Dip-slip faults involve movement along the dip of the fault plane
  • Strike-slip faults involve movement parallel to the strike of the fault plane

Rock Properties

  • Strength properties describe how rocks resist external forces.
  • Deformability refers to the rock's ability to change shape under applied stress.
  • Hardness measures a rock's resistance to scratching.
  • Elasticity is the rock's ability to return to its original shape after stress is removed.

Methods of Studying Rocks

  • Petrology, mineralogy, rock sampling and testing, macroscopic inspection, and microscopic investigation.

Grouting

  • Grouting is the process of filling spaces or voids with a mortar-like material (called grout).
  • Grouting methods include injection, permeation, compaction, and others.

Geological and Geophysical Investigations

  • Geophysical investigations study the subsurface without excavation, using methods like ground penetrating radar (GPR) and seismic methods.

Geologic Hazards

  • Assess potential natural hazards (earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions) and the suitability for construction.

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Related Documents

Petrology and Rocks PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the various types of rocks and their formation processes with this geology quiz. Explore questions related to basalt, limestone, shale, and more. Perfect for students learning about structural geology and the rock cycle.

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