Geology as a Science

What does the term 'geology' etymologically mean?

When did widespread interest in geology begin to emerge?

According to Abraham Werner's theory, how were all rocks formed?

What is the principle of 'superposition', which Nicolas Desmarest's law relates to?

What is stratigraphy the study of?

What was 'Neptunism', as a theory, named after?

What did Werner hypothesize was the source of heat for volcanic eruptions?

Who was a key figure in proposing an alternative theory for the origin of Earth, contrasting with Neptunism?

What key observation led Hutton to infer that granite was once molten?

According to Hutton, what is the primary cause of mountain formation?

What is the term used to describe Hutton's theory emphasizing the importance of Earth's internal heat?

Which process is NOT considered an agent of erosion mentioned in the context?

What is the primary outcome of weathering on rocks?

What happens to sediment carried by rivers when they meet the sea?

What is the final destination for sediments after they are transported by rivers?

Which of the following best describes the overall concept of the rock cycle as outlined in the text?

What is the primary geological process that shapes the Earth's physical features, as described?

When did the systematic exploration of the ocean floor, that contributed significantly to the understanding of plate tectonics, primarily take place?

What is the outermost rigid layer of the Earth divided into, according to the text?

What is the primary mechanism driving the movement of tectonic plates?

The text mentions that new crust is created when plates move apart. What is this process also often associated with?

What does the word 'tectonics' mean, derived from its Greek origin?

What happens when tectonic plates collide, according to the text?

What is a characteristic of the Earth’s mantle that allows for plate movement?

What concept is James Hutton most famously associated with?

Hutton's initial 'Theory of the Earth' faced criticism primarily because it lacked what?

What specific geological feature did Hutton hypothesize might provide the mechanism for uplifting rocks?

What was the main purpose of Hutton’s expedition to the Isle of Arran?

According to Hutton, the rock cycle implies what about Earth's history?

The Neptunists heavily criticized Hutton's theory, what did they believe?

Which of these can be inferred about the geological hammer mentioned in the text?

What did Hutton find on the Isle of Arran, that made it 'sufficiently interesting and comprehensive'?

What primary evidence found by Hutton at Lochranza supported his 'Theory of the Earth'?

According to Hutton's interpretation, how were the bottom layers at Lochranza originally deposited?

What geological feature is now known as an 'unconformity' and was first recognized at Lochranza?

What did Hutton observe in North Glen Sannox that contributed to his theory?

What did the presence of granite veins in schist at North Glen Sannox suggest to Hutton about the state of the granite?

Hutton's findings at Lochranza suggest what about the Earth's history?

What process transforms sedimentary rock into metamorphic rock?

What is the significance of the tilted strata at Lochranza in Hutton's theory?

Which characteristic of magma causes it to rise towards the Earth's surface?

Why is the unconformity at Lochranza considered significant in the history of geology?

What is the name of the process where surface rock is broken down and carried away?

Which of the Earth's layers is the thickest?

What does the text say the rock cycle is?

Where might an intrusive igneous rock be most likely to form?

What is the approximate radius of the Earth, according to the text?

What process initially forms sedimentary rocks?