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Questions and Answers
What are some ways that volcanoes and magma can cause earthquakes?
What are some ways that volcanoes and magma can cause earthquakes?
Volcanic explosions cause seismic waves, volcanoes can load the crust, causing faulting and earthquakes, many volcanoes have steep, unstable slopes that can cause landslides that shake the ground, and moving magma within or below the volcano can cause earthquakes.
What type of evidence was used in the investigation to locate where the earthquake occurred?
What type of evidence was used in the investigation to locate where the earthquake occurred?
Seismograms from three stations.
Which of the following features was most likely the cause of the earthquake in the investigation?
Which of the following features was most likely the cause of the earthquake in the investigation?
Which factors influence the velocity of P-waves as they travel through the Earth?
Which factors influence the velocity of P-waves as they travel through the Earth?
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What is long-range earthquake forecasting based on?
What is long-range earthquake forecasting based on?
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What is short-term earthquake prediction?
What is short-term earthquake prediction?
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Why is it important to study prehistoric earthquakes?
Why is it important to study prehistoric earthquakes?
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When can sudden movement on a fault cause a tsunami?
When can sudden movement on a fault cause a tsunami?
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Why did the Christchurch earthquake (2011) in New Zealand cause much more damage than the larger Canterbury earthquake (2010)?
Why did the Christchurch earthquake (2011) in New Zealand cause much more damage than the larger Canterbury earthquake (2010)?
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Which of the following did NOT cause damage in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake?
Which of the following did NOT cause damage in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake?
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What caused the huge 1964 Alaskan earthquake?
What caused the huge 1964 Alaskan earthquake?
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Most deaths from earthquakes are caused by:
Most deaths from earthquakes are caused by:
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What can cause extensive damage well after the ground shaking associated with an earthquake stops?
What can cause extensive damage well after the ground shaking associated with an earthquake stops?
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Which of the following would NOT be a good idea in an area that has a high risk for earthquakes?
Which of the following would NOT be a good idea in an area that has a high risk for earthquakes?
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How do we determine the location of a recent earthquake?
How do we determine the location of a recent earthquake?
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What are characteristics of S-waves?
What are characteristics of S-waves?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of P-waves?
Which of the following is a characteristic of P-waves?
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What are some ways earthquakes may be generated within a continental plate?
What are some ways earthquakes may be generated within a continental plate?
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Most earthquakes occur along:
Most earthquakes occur along:
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If an area has shallow, intermediate, and deep earthquakes, what can you infer about the area?
If an area has shallow, intermediate, and deep earthquakes, what can you infer about the area?
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When do rocks along a fault have the highest amount of stress and stored elastic strain?
When do rocks along a fault have the highest amount of stress and stored elastic strain?
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What was the main cause of death associated with the 2004 Indonesian earthquake?
What was the main cause of death associated with the 2004 Indonesian earthquake?
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When did the December 26, 2004 Indonesian earthquake occur?
When did the December 26, 2004 Indonesian earthquake occur?
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Why does the S-wave shadow zone occur?
Why does the S-wave shadow zone occur?
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Study Notes
Earthquakes and Volcanoes
- Volcanic explosions generate seismic waves that can cause earthquakes.
- Volcanoes exert pressure on the crust, leading to faulting.
- Steep, unstable slopes of volcanoes can result in landslides that create ground shaking.
- Movement of magma within or beneath a volcano can trigger earthquakes.
Earthquake Localization Evidence
- Seismograms from three monitoring stations are essential for pinpointing earthquake locations.
Earthquake Causes
- The formation of an oceanic trench is a common cause of earthquakes.
P-wave Velocity Influences
- The rigidity, density, and compressibility of geological materials affect the velocity of P-waves.
Earthquake Forecasting Techniques
- Long-range forecasting relies on historical data, tectonic settings, and seismic activity patterns.
- Short-term predictions are complex and still evolving.
Importance of Prehistoric Earthquakes
- Studying prehistoric events aids in understanding recurrence intervals and potential magnitude, providing critical information for future seismic risk planning.
Tsunami Generation
- Sudden fault movements that uplift or downdrop the seafloor can lead to tsunami formation.
Christchurch vs. Canterbury Earthquakes
- The 2011 Christchurch earthquake inflicted more damage due to proximity to cities and prior structural damage from earlier quakes.
1906 San Francisco Earthquake Damage
- A tsunami was not a contributing factor in the damage from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.
1964 Alaskan Earthquake
- One of the largest recorded earthquakes, caused by thrusting along a subduction zone.
Deaths from Earthquakes
- The majority of earthquake-related fatalities result from building collapses.
Damage Aftershocks
- Extensive post-event destruction can occur from tsunamis, fires, and flooding caused by dam failures or ground subsidence.
Building Safety in Earthquake-Prone Areas
- Constructing rigid concrete or masonry buildings is not advisable in high-risk earthquake zones.
Earthquake Location Determination
- The position of recent earthquakes is identified through seismic records from three or more monitoring stations.
Characteristics of S-waves
- S-waves cannot travel through liquids and displace rock perpendicularly to their travel direction.
Characteristics of P-waves
- P-waves compress and expand rock in the same direction as their propagation.
Earthquake Generation Mechanisms
- Earthquakes within continental plates can result from magma intrusion, rifting, normal faulting, transform faults, or stress on preexisting faults.
Earthquake Occurrence
- The majority of earthquakes are concentrated along tectonic plate boundaries.
Earthquake Depth Insights
- An area with shallow, intermediate, and deep earthquakes indicates proximity to a subduction zone, where shallow quakes are often closer to trenches.
Stress in Faults
- Maximum stress and elastic strain in rocks along a fault occur just before an earthquake strikes.
Main Cause of 2004 Indonesian Earthquake Deaths
- The significant loss of life from the 2004 Indonesian earthquake resulted from the tsunami it generated.
Subduction of the Indian-Australian Plate
- The December 26, 2004 Indonesian earthquake was triggered by the subduction of this tectonic plate.
S-wave Shadow Zone
- The S-wave shadow zone is attributed to S-waves being unable to traverse the outer core, resulting in areas where these waves do not reach.
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Description
Test your knowledge on volcanic activity and its impact on earthquakes in Geology Chapter 12. This quiz explores the connections between magma movements, volcanic explosions, and seismic activity. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of the geological processes involved in these phenomena.
