Podcast
Questions and Answers
______ refers to the changes in shape or position of a rock body in response to differential stress.
______ refers to the changes in shape or position of a rock body in response to differential stress.
- Stress
- Compression
- Deformation (correct)
- Brittle failure
Which of the following is the best description for structural geology?
Which of the following is the best description for structural geology?
- Study of sequences of sedimentary rocks and how their environments of deposition dictate how sediments are laid down
- Study of rock deformation in response to tectonic forces (correct)
- Study of earthquakes and how they move through Earth's interior
- Study of intergrown mineral crystals in igneous rocks
How will compressional force change a rock body?
How will compressional force change a rock body?
- Shorten and thicken the rock. (correct)
- Fracture the rock and grind the pieces alongside each other.
- The rock will not change.
- Stretch and thin the rock.
How will tensional force change a rock body?
How will tensional force change a rock body?
Which tectonic boundary is associated with compressional stress?
Which tectonic boundary is associated with compressional stress?
A rubber band being stretched in preparation to fire across the room is an example of what kind of deformation?
A rubber band being stretched in preparation to fire across the room is an example of what kind of deformation?
Unbending a paper clip wire is an example of what kind of deformation?
Unbending a paper clip wire is an example of what kind of deformation?
Which of the following is an example of brittle deformation?
Which of the following is an example of brittle deformation?
Which of the following rocks would be more likely to experience brittle deformation rather than ductile deformation when subjected to stresses that exceed their strength?
Which of the following rocks would be more likely to experience brittle deformation rather than ductile deformation when subjected to stresses that exceed their strength?
What is a fault?
What is a fault?
Folds form in ________ temperature-________ pressure environments.
Folds form in ________ temperature-________ pressure environments.
Faults form in ________ temperature-________ pressure environments.
Faults form in ________ temperature-________ pressure environments.
A ___ is a circular fold where the youngest layers are in the middle and the oldest layers are on the outside.
A ___ is a circular fold where the youngest layers are in the middle and the oldest layers are on the outside.
You are sitting in class when your professor begins talking about a dome with the inner layers dating back to the Tertiary and its outer layers dating back to the Permian. You immediately know this professor is wrong. What is your evidence?
You are sitting in class when your professor begins talking about a dome with the inner layers dating back to the Tertiary and its outer layers dating back to the Permian. You immediately know this professor is wrong. What is your evidence?
How many hinge lines does a monocline have?
How many hinge lines does a monocline have?
What is the outcrop pattern of a plunging syncline?
What is the outcrop pattern of a plunging syncline?
A(n) ________ fold has limbs that are tilted beyond the vertical to the point that the axial plane is horizontal, giving it the appearance of lying on its side.
A(n) ________ fold has limbs that are tilted beyond the vertical to the point that the axial plane is horizontal, giving it the appearance of lying on its side.
Which tectonic boundary would have many normal faults associated with it?
Which tectonic boundary would have many normal faults associated with it?
A ________ fault is created when the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall.
A ________ fault is created when the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall.
What is the difference between a reverse fault and a thrust fault?
What is the difference between a reverse fault and a thrust fault?
Which tectonic boundary would have many thrust faults associated with it?
Which tectonic boundary would have many thrust faults associated with it?
Which of the following scenarios would best indicate that a thrust fault is present at a location?
Which of the following scenarios would best indicate that a thrust fault is present at a location?
Faults that exhibit both dip-slip and strike-slip movement are called ________ faults.
Faults that exhibit both dip-slip and strike-slip movement are called ________ faults.
Mountain ranges such as the Appalachians and the Himalayas are examples of mountains that formed as a result of ________ faulting.
Mountain ranges such as the Appalachians and the Himalayas are examples of mountains that formed as a result of ________ faulting.
A ________ fault has a vertical fault plane and shows movement parallel to the orientation of the fault.
A ________ fault has a vertical fault plane and shows movement parallel to the orientation of the fault.
You are a seismologist and are driving out to a location where a fault has recently shifted. When you arrive at the location, you see that the road you are driving on was constructed across the fault line. Because of slippage along the fault, the road ahead has been shifted to the left by 20 feet. What kind of fault is present?
You are a seismologist and are driving out to a location where a fault has recently shifted. When you arrive at the location, you see that the road you are driving on was constructed across the fault line. Because of slippage along the fault, the road ahead has been shifted to the left by 20 feet. What kind of fault is present?
Which type of fault was responsible for the devastation associated with the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco?
Which type of fault was responsible for the devastation associated with the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco?
Some of the most destructive earthquakes, such as the Haitian earthquake of 2010, occur along ________ faults.
Some of the most destructive earthquakes, such as the Haitian earthquake of 2010, occur along ________ faults.
What is the difference between faults and joints?
What is the difference between faults and joints?
What are slickensides?
What are slickensides?
Fault-block mountains are created due to ________ faults.
Fault-block mountains are created due to ________ faults.
Which of the following are examples of fault-block mountains?
Which of the following are examples of fault-block mountains?
________ is the compass direction of the line produced by the intersection of an inclined rock layer with a horizontal plane.
________ is the compass direction of the line produced by the intersection of an inclined rock layer with a horizontal plane.
________ is the angle of inclination of the surface of a rock unit measured from a horizontal plane.
________ is the angle of inclination of the surface of a rock unit measured from a horizontal plane.
How will strike and dip marks be oriented on the geologic map of a nonplunging syncline?
How will strike and dip marks be oriented on the geologic map of a nonplunging syncline?
Which of the following best describes the age relationship of the layers in an anticline?
Which of the following best describes the age relationship of the layers in an anticline?
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the topography of a region and the underlying structural geology?
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the topography of a region and the underlying structural geology?
Detachment faults are low-angle ________ faults.
Detachment faults are low-angle ________ faults.
How will rock salt likely respond when put under stress?
How will rock salt likely respond when put under stress?
How do joints form in tectonic environments?
How do joints form in tectonic environments?
Movements along normal faults can produce alternating upthrown and down-dropped fault blocks. What are the names associated with these blocks, respectively?
Movements along normal faults can produce alternating upthrown and down-dropped fault blocks. What are the names associated with these blocks, respectively?
Strained geologic materials lose their original configuration during deformation.
Strained geologic materials lose their original configuration during deformation.
Shear stress is a type of confining pressure.
Shear stress is a type of confining pressure.
Rocks subjected to heat will be more likely to go through brittle deformation when stressed.
Rocks subjected to heat will be more likely to go through brittle deformation when stressed.
Shearing produced fault zones in the deep crust and folding in the upper crust.
Shearing produced fault zones in the deep crust and folding in the upper crust.
A syncline is a downfold in rock where the youngest layers are in the middle of the fold and the youngest are on the outside.
A syncline is a downfold in rock where the youngest layers are in the middle of the fold and the youngest are on the outside.
Some strike-slip faults are big enough to accommodate movement between two tectonic plates.
Some strike-slip faults are big enough to accommodate movement between two tectonic plates.
Joints are fractures in a rock created by tension and will demonstrate significant displacement.
Joints are fractures in a rock created by tension and will demonstrate significant displacement.
Dip will always be 90° away from strike.
Dip will always be 90° away from strike.
______ refers to the changes in shape or position of a rock body in response to differential stress.
______ refers to the changes in shape or position of a rock body in response to differential stress.
Which of the following is the best description for structural geology?
Which of the following is the best description for structural geology?
How will compressional force change a rock body?
How will compressional force change a rock body?
How will tensional force change a rock body?
How will tensional force change a rock body?
Which tectonic boundary is associated with compressional stress?
Which tectonic boundary is associated with compressional stress?
A rubber band being stretched in preparation to fire across the room is an example of what kind of deformation?
A rubber band being stretched in preparation to fire across the room is an example of what kind of deformation?
Unbending a paper clip wire is an example of what kind of deformation?
Unbending a paper clip wire is an example of what kind of deformation?
Which of the following is an example of brittle deformation?
Which of the following is an example of brittle deformation?
Which of the following rocks would be more likely to experience brittle deformation rather than ductile deformation when subjected to stresses that exceed their strength?
Which of the following rocks would be more likely to experience brittle deformation rather than ductile deformation when subjected to stresses that exceed their strength?
What is a fault?
What is a fault?
Folds form in ________ temperature-________ pressure environments.
Folds form in ________ temperature-________ pressure environments.
Faults form in ________ temperature-________ pressure environments.
Faults form in ________ temperature-________ pressure environments.
A ___ is a circular fold where the youngest layers are in the middle and the oldest layers are on the outside.
A ___ is a circular fold where the youngest layers are in the middle and the oldest layers are on the outside.
You are sitting in class when your professor begins talking about a dome with the inner layers dating back to the Tertiary and its outer layers dating back to the Permian. You immediately know this professor is wrong. What is your evidence?
You are sitting in class when your professor begins talking about a dome with the inner layers dating back to the Tertiary and its outer layers dating back to the Permian. You immediately know this professor is wrong. What is your evidence?
How many hinge lines does a monocline have?
How many hinge lines does a monocline have?
What is the outcrop pattern of a plunging syncline?
What is the outcrop pattern of a plunging syncline?
A(n) ________ fold has limbs that are tilted beyond the vertical to the point that the axial plane is horizontal, giving it the appearance of lying on its side.
A(n) ________ fold has limbs that are tilted beyond the vertical to the point that the axial plane is horizontal, giving it the appearance of lying on its side.
Which tectonic boundary would have many normal faults associated with it?
Which tectonic boundary would have many normal faults associated with it?
A ________ fault is created when the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall.
A ________ fault is created when the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall.
What is the difference between a reverse fault and a thrust fault?
What is the difference between a reverse fault and a thrust fault?
Which tectonic boundary would have many thrust faults associated with it?
Which tectonic boundary would have many thrust faults associated with it?
Which of the following scenarios would best indicate that a thrust fault is present at a location?
Which of the following scenarios would best indicate that a thrust fault is present at a location?
Faults that exhibit both dip-slip and strike-slip movement are called ________ faults.
Faults that exhibit both dip-slip and strike-slip movement are called ________ faults.
Mountain ranges such as the Appalachians and the Himalayas are examples of mountains that formed as a result of ________ faulting.
Mountain ranges such as the Appalachians and the Himalayas are examples of mountains that formed as a result of ________ faulting.
A ________ fault has a vertical fault plane and shows movement parallel to the orientation of the fault.
A ________ fault has a vertical fault plane and shows movement parallel to the orientation of the fault.
You are a seismologist and are driving out to a location where a fault has recently shifted. When you arrive at the location, you see that the road you are driving on was constructed across the fault line. Because of slippage along the fault, the road ahead has been shifted to the left by 20 feet. What kind of fault is present?
You are a seismologist and are driving out to a location where a fault has recently shifted. When you arrive at the location, you see that the road you are driving on was constructed across the fault line. Because of slippage along the fault, the road ahead has been shifted to the left by 20 feet. What kind of fault is present?
Which type of fault was responsible for the devastation associated with the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco?
Which type of fault was responsible for the devastation associated with the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco?
Some of the most destructive earthquakes, such as the Haitian earthquake of 2010, occur along ________ faults.
Some of the most destructive earthquakes, such as the Haitian earthquake of 2010, occur along ________ faults.
What is the difference between faults and joints?
What is the difference between faults and joints?
What are slickensides?
What are slickensides?
Fault-block mountains are created due to ________ faults.
Fault-block mountains are created due to ________ faults.
Which of the following are examples of fault-block mountains?
Which of the following are examples of fault-block mountains?
________ is the compass direction of the line produced by the intersection of an inclined rock layer with a horizontal plane.
________ is the compass direction of the line produced by the intersection of an inclined rock layer with a horizontal plane.
________ is the angle of inclination of the surface of a rock unit measured from a horizontal plane.
________ is the angle of inclination of the surface of a rock unit measured from a horizontal plane.
How will strike and dip marks be oriented on the geologic map of a nonplunging syncline?
How will strike and dip marks be oriented on the geologic map of a nonplunging syncline?
Which of the following best describes the age relationship of the layers in an anticline?
Which of the following best describes the age relationship of the layers in an anticline?
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the topography of a region and the underlying structural geology?
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the topography of a region and the underlying structural geology?
Detachment faults are low-angle ________ faults.
Detachment faults are low-angle ________ faults.
How will rock salt likely respond when put under stress?
How will rock salt likely respond when put under stress?
How do joints form in tectonic environments?
How do joints form in tectonic environments?
Movements along normal faults can produce alternating upthrown and down-dropped fault blocks. What are the names associated with these blocks, respectively?
Movements along normal faults can produce alternating upthrown and down-dropped fault blocks. What are the names associated with these blocks, respectively?
Strained geologic materials lose their original configuration during deformation.
Strained geologic materials lose their original configuration during deformation.
Shear stress is a type of confining pressure.
Shear stress is a type of confining pressure.
Rocks subjected to heat will be more likely to go through brittle deformation when stressed.
Rocks subjected to heat will be more likely to go through brittle deformation when stressed.
Shearing produced fault zones in the deep crust and folding in the upper crust.
Shearing produced fault zones in the deep crust and folding in the upper crust.
A syncline is a downfold in rock where the youngest layers are in the middle of the fold and the youngest are on the outside.
A syncline is a downfold in rock where the youngest layers are in the middle of the fold and the youngest are on the outside.
Some strike-slip faults are big enough to accommodate movement between two tectonic plates.
Some strike-slip faults are big enough to accommodate movement between two tectonic plates.
Joints are fractures in a rock created by tension and will demonstrate significant displacement.
Joints are fractures in a rock created by tension and will demonstrate significant displacement.
Dip will always be 90° away from strike.
Dip will always be 90° away from strike.
Match the type of stress to the correct definition.
Match the type of stress to the correct definition.
Determine the type of stress necessary to produce each of the following geologic regions/features.
Determine the type of stress necessary to produce each of the following geologic regions/features.
Match the type of rock deformation to its corresponding descriptions.
Match the type of rock deformation to its corresponding descriptions.
Match the fault with the appropriate stress that caused it.
Match the fault with the appropriate stress that caused it.
Explain the role that confining pressure has on rock strength and how the rock deforms under pressure.
Explain the role that confining pressure has on rock strength and how the rock deforms under pressure.
What are the four factors that influence rock strength? Describe how they will affect the rock when it is under stress.
What are the four factors that influence rock strength? Describe how they will affect the rock when it is under stress.
The Appalachian Mountains were formed when the North American continent collided with Africa to form the supercontinent Pangaea over 250 million years ago. What kind of tectonic boundary existed here? What sort of structural features would you expect to find in this region?
The Appalachian Mountains were formed when the North American continent collided with Africa to form the supercontinent Pangaea over 250 million years ago. What kind of tectonic boundary existed here? What sort of structural features would you expect to find in this region?
Although the Valley and Ridge province of the Appalachians is characterized by intensely folded rock, it is not the structures themselves that are resulting in the ridges and valleys. What rocks make up the Valley and Ridge province, which ones make each landform (ridges or valleys), and why?
Although the Valley and Ridge province of the Appalachians is characterized by intensely folded rock, it is not the structures themselves that are resulting in the ridges and valleys. What rocks make up the Valley and Ridge province, which ones make each landform (ridges or valleys), and why?
Despite not seeing the severe tectonic forces of the Rocky Mountains, the interior states of Illinois and Michigan have basins (the Illinois and Michigan basins). However, these basins formed in a different way. Explain how the Illinois and Michigan basins formed without significant tectonic influence.
Despite not seeing the severe tectonic forces of the Rocky Mountains, the interior states of Illinois and Michigan have basins (the Illinois and Michigan basins). However, these basins formed in a different way. Explain how the Illinois and Michigan basins formed without significant tectonic influence.
Over the course of the last couple of centuries, major businesses all over the world have spent a great deal of time and money searching for and studying structural geologic features in order to find deposits of petroleum. How would these structures trap the substances these companies are interested in?
Over the course of the last couple of centuries, major businesses all over the world have spent a great deal of time and money searching for and studying structural geologic features in order to find deposits of petroleum. How would these structures trap the substances these companies are interested in?
The Basin and Range province is an extensional region in the American Southwest characterized by roughly parallel mountain ranges separated by broad, flat-bottomed valleys. What sort of structural features would you expect to find in this region?
The Basin and Range province is an extensional region in the American Southwest characterized by roughly parallel mountain ranges separated by broad, flat-bottomed valleys. What sort of structural features would you expect to find in this region?
Compare and contrast thrust faults and reverse faults.
Compare and contrast thrust faults and reverse faults.
Explain how stress is different from strain.
Explain how stress is different from strain.
Compare rock deformation in near surface environments to that deep within Earth's crust. Which deformation style will be more common in each location?
Compare rock deformation in near surface environments to that deep within Earth's crust. Which deformation style will be more common in each location?
Explain the difference in orientation between a nonplunging anticline and a plunging anticline.
Explain the difference in orientation between a nonplunging anticline and a plunging anticline.
Flashcards
Deformation
Deformation
Changes in rock shape or position due to differential stress.
Structural Geology
Structural Geology
The study of rock deformation in response to tectonic forces.
Compressional Force
Compressional Force
Shortens and thickens rocks.
Tensional Force
Tensional Force
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Convergent Boundaries
Convergent Boundaries
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Divergent Boundaries
Divergent Boundaries
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Transform Boundaries
Transform Boundaries
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Elastic Deformation
Elastic Deformation
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Ductile Deformation
Ductile Deformation
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Brittle Deformation
Brittle Deformation
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Fault
Fault
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Normal Fault
Normal Fault
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Reverse Fault
Reverse Fault
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Thrust Fault
Thrust Fault
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Strike-Slip Fault
Strike-Slip Fault
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Folds
Folds
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Anticline
Anticline
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Syncline
Syncline
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Mountains
Mountains
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Fault-Block Mountains
Fault-Block Mountains
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Temperature (Rock Strength)
Temperature (Rock Strength)
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Confining Pressure
Confining Pressure
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Rock Type
Rock Type
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Time (Rock Strength)
Time (Rock Strength)
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Slickensides
Slickensides
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Joints
Joints
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Horsts and Grabens
Horsts and Grabens
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Stress
Stress
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Strain
Strain
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Shallow Deformation
Shallow Deformation
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Study Notes
Deformation Flashcards Overview
- Deformation involves changes in shape or position of rock due to differential stress.
- Structural geology studies rock deformation in response to tectonic forces.
Forces and Their Effects on Rock
- Compressional Force: Shortens and thickens rocks.
- Tensional Force: Stretches and thins rocks.
Tectonic Boundaries
- Convergent Boundaries: Associated with compressional stress.
- Divergent Boundaries: Associated with tensional stress which leads to normal faults.
- Transform Boundaries: Associated with strike-slip faults.
Types of Deformation
- Elastic Deformation: Rocks return to original shape when pressure is released (e.g., stretching a rubber band).
- Ductile Deformation: Rocks bend under pressure but do not break (e.g., unbending a paper clip).
- Brittle Deformation: Rocks shatter under stress (e.g., breaking glass).
Fault Types
- Fault: A fracture in rocks where motion has occurred.
- Normal Fault: Hanging wall moves down relative to footwall, typically formed under tensional stress.
- Reverse Fault: Hanging wall moves up, formed under compressional stress.
- Thrust Fault: Type of reverse fault with a low-angle fault plane.
- Strike-Slip Fault: Movement is horizontal, can be left-lateral or right-lateral.
Geological Features
- Folds: Result from compressional forces; anticlines have oldest layers on the outside, synclines have youngest in the middle.
- Mountains: Formed by thrust and reverse faulting, such as the Himalayas and Appalachians.
- Fault-Block Mountains: Formed due to normal faults; examples include the Basin and Range.
Rock Strength Influencing Factors
- Temperature: Higher temperatures lead to softer, more malleable rocks.
- Confining Pressure: Increases strength; rocks are more resistant to breaking.
- Rock Type: Ductility varies; intergrown minerals are brittle, weaker cemented rocks are ductile.
- Time: Long-term stress can cause ductile deformation; short-term stress often results in brittle deformation.
Key Geological Terms
- Slickensides: Polished surfaces on fault blocks due to movement along faults.
- Joints: Fractures that do not show significant displacement.
- Horsts and Grabens: Terms associated with alternating fault blocks due to normal faulting.
Relationship Between Topography and Geology
- Upfolds create mountains, downfolds create valleys.
- Structural features like domes and basins trap petroleum, influencing geological resource exploration.
Stress vs. Strain
- Stress: Force applied over an area.
- Strain: The resulting change in shape due to applied stress.
Anticlines vs. Synclines
- Anticline: Oldest layers are at the outer edges, with younger layers inside.
- Syncline: Youngest layers at the center and oldest on the outside.
Deformation Styles in Different Environments
- Brittle deformation is more common near the Earth's surface; ductile deformation is predominant deep within the crust.
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Description
Explore the fascinating concepts of rock deformation and fault types in this quiz. Understand how different forces affect rocks and the implications of tectonic boundaries on geological structures. Test your knowledge on elastic, ductile, and brittle deformations through structured questions.
