Geology and Cartography Quiz

Nebula Hypothesis

• Explains the formation of the solar system from a spinning cloud of gas and dust.

Igneous Rock Textures

• Pyroclastic Texture: Numerous grains or fragments welded together by volcanic heat.
• Phaneritic Texture: Visible crystals, formed slowly.
• Glassy Texture: Rapid cooling, no visible crystals.
• Porphyritic Texture: Mixture of large and small crystals. 

Metamorphism Types

• Contact Metamorphism: High-temperature metamorphism adjacent to igneous intrusions.
• Regional Metamorphism: Metamorphism over a large area, by regional forces like pressure. 

Map Reading

• Processes used by people to interpret and analyze maps to understand information about the environment.

Cartographic Abstraction

• Selection: The first step in the generalization processes of cartographic abstraction.

Economic Development Theories

• Dependency Development: Underdevelopment is a result of the processes needed for the development of capitalism.
• Centre-periphery model: Explanation of economic development of a state affected by external influences (political, economic and cultural).
• Endogenous growth theory: Economic growth is generated from within a system by internal processes.

Fault Types

• Strike-Slip Fault:  Two fault blocks slide horizontally past each other.

Rostow Growth Model

• The Age of High Mass Consumption is the last stage of development.

Weber's Location Theory

• Location decisions depend on raw materials, transportation costs, and labor costs.

Karst Landforms

• Stalactites and stalagmites are depositional landforms

Fluvial landforms

• All are erosional landforms : Waterfall, Bedrock Channel

Intrusive Igneous Rocks

• Basalt is an extrusive igneous rock, not intrusive.

Peck's Model of Landscape Development

• Time-independent and simultaneous uplift along with erosion are characteristics of Peck's model, except Slope decline.

Conduction

• Transfer of heat throughout matter by molecular activity.

Greenhouse gases

• Carbon dioxide, is a greenhouse gas

Atmospheric factors influencing regional climate

• Distance from the equator, global distribution of landmasses, orographic lifting of air masses, affect regional climate.

Data Analysis

• Data analysis depends on the type of data, research method, and the purpose of the research.

Data Structure

• Triangulated irregular network (TIN) can be adapted to more complex terrain.

Demographic transition

• High birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. 

Factors affecting interception

• Duration and frequency of rainfall, vegetation cover, and precipitation type are factors affecting interception.

Flood measurement

• Depth and duration of flow as well as velocity are used to measure flood severity.

Satellite orbital characteristics

• Sun-synchronous orbits are best for interpolating satellite data.

Ground water features

• Ground water represents 0.6% of the hydrosphere and is generally cleaner than surface water, due to slow infiltration.

Hydrological parameters

• Hydrological based terrain parameters are used to quantify flow intensity, accumulation potential, and erosion potential.

Map Projections

• Equivalent projections are used to show a population density distribution

Image interpretation

• Recognizing the relationship between other objects in proximity is a part of manual image interpretation. 

Spatial Data Models

• Raster data models represent spatial features continuously; while vector data models represent them discretely.

Agricultural Systems

• Monsoon or intensive subsistence agriculture is commonly practiced in tropical Africa and south-east Asia.

Earth's Supercontinent

• Pangaea is an early supercontinent that incorporated almost all the landmasses of the Earth.

Life expectancy

• The expected duration life at the given time or place.

Population Data

• Continuing recording of various aspects of population data such as births, deaths, marriages etc is called Vital registration system.

Fundamental principles regarding Geological Eras

• Precambrian era is the earliest era and all geological eras have subdivisions.

Generalizing principles

• Basic research is for discovering or expanding knowledge, and not solving critical social problems.

This quiz covers key concepts in geology, including the Nebula Hypothesis, igneous rock textures, and metamorphism types. Additionally, it explores map reading techniques and cartographic abstraction methods. Test your understanding of these fundamental Earth sciences and geography topics.