Geography Standard Ten: Fundamental Duties

• This is for Geography Standard Ten

Fundamental Duties (Constitution of India, Article 51A)

• It's the duty of every Indian citizen to follow the Constitution and respect its ideals, institutions, the National Flag, and the National Anthem.
• Citizens should cherish the noble ideals that inspired the national struggle for freedom.
• Citizens must uphold and protect India's sovereignty, unity, and integrity.
• Citizens should defend the country and render national service when called upon.
• The spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India should be promoted, transcending religious, linguistic, regional, or sectional diversities, and renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.
• It's important value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
• Protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and compassion for living creatures.
• Develop the scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
• Safeguard public property and abjure violence.
• Strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement.
• Parents or guardians should provide educational opportunities for their children or wards between six and fourteen years of age.

Flora and Fauna of India and Brazil

• Examples of flora in India and Brazil: Banyan tree, Macaw, Babul tree, Alligator, Crocodiles, Orchids, Flamingo, Asiatic lion, Leopard, Swamp deer, Mangroves, Puma, Rosewood.

Geography Textbook Information

• The textbook was approved on December 29, 2017.
• The digital textbook can be accessed via the DIKSHA App using the QR code on the cover.

Geography Subject Committee

• Dr. N. J. Pawar (Chairman)
• Dr. Suresh Jog (Member)
• Dr. Rajani Deshmukh (Member)
• Shri Sachin Parshuram Aher (Member)
• Shri Gourishankar Khobre (Member)
• Shri R. J. Jadhav (Member-Secretary)

Overview

• Geography aims to help students understand natural events and the relationship between biotic factors, the environment, and interactions among various factors.
• The textbook revises concepts learned up to Class Nine and compares India and Brazil.

Preface for Teachers

• Teachers should familiarize themselves with the textbook and earlier textbooks, planning activities independently and using geographical teaching aids to ensure students understand the subject.
• While the number of chapters is reduced, teachers should fully use the allocated time for each chapter for difficult to understand abstract concepts.
• Teachers should avoid statistical questions, instead focusing on trends or patterns.
• The book is based on constructivist and activity-based teaching, discouraging simple reading aloud of lessons without further work.

Criteria to consider comparing countries

• The country shouldn't be very developed or underdeveloped, should be in a different hemisphere and not from the same continent
• Should be quite similar to India but also different from India in some cases, should have cultural and natural diversity like India, and should be a member of international organizations along with India.
• Should have a coastline like India, should have a democratic form of government, and there should be some similarity in historical background.
• The application of the concepts taught till Class Nine can be applied on the same level to both the countries.
• While studying the comparison of two countries will become noticeable and there will be an increase in respect for India.
• Brazil was selected based on these criteria.

Field Visit Summary

• Rahul visits Alibag from Naldurg with classmates to observe landscape changes.
• They note relief, water bodies, vegetation, soil and human settlements.
• The journey includes stops at Solapur, Sinhagad and Lonavala-Rajmachi.
• The students visited Talathi office to gather information
• Observations cover rural to urban transitions and vegetation changes.
• Students discuss the importance of field work

Location and Extent

• India is in the northern and eastern hemispheres, in southern Asia.
• The mainland of India spans from 8°4' N to 37°6' N latitude and 68°7' E to 97°25' E longitude.
• Indira Point, India’s southernmost tip, is at 6°45' N latitude.
• Brazil is located in the southern and western hemispheres, mainly in South America.
• Brazil spans from 5°15' N to 33°45' S latitude and 34°47' W to 73°48' W longitude.
• India was under British rule for about 150 years, achieving independence in 1947.
• Brazil was under Portuguese rule for over 300 years, gaining independence in 1822.
• India has a federal parliamentary republic.
• Brazil has a federal presidential republic.

India

• Physiographic divisions: the Himalayas, North Indian Plains, the Peninsula, Coastal Plains, Island groups
• The Himalayas extend from the Pamir Knot to the east, a major mountain system of Asia. They go from Jammu and Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh in India.
• The Himalayas consist of parallel ranges including the Siwaliks (youngest), Lesser Himalayas, Greater Himalayas (Himadri) and Trans Himalayas.
• The North Indian Plains lie between to the Himalayas and the Peninsula. A flat, low-lying area that extends from Rajasthan and Punjab to Assam and consists of the Ganga Plains and Thar Desert
• The Indian Peninsula lies south of the North Indian Plains
• India has a 7500 km coastline with differing western and eastern coastlines
• The western coast borders the Arabian Sea.
• In the Arabian Sea, the islands include Lakshadweep with atoll islands
• The eastern coast borders the Bay of Bengal, formed by rivers and contains the Andaman and Nicobar Islands with volcanic islands

Brazil:

• Consists of: Highlands, the Great Escarpment, Coastal region, Plains, and Island groups
• The highlands cover southern Brazil, also known as Brazilian Highlands, or Brazilian Shield.
• The major part of the Guyana highlands lie in Venezuela, but covers Roraima, Para, and Amapa in Brazil.
• The great escarpment spans covers 790m in altitude and acts as a barrier to Southeast Trade winds that causes a rain shadow.
• The northern and eastern coast that extends 7400 km characterized by river mouths
• The plains consist of: the Amazon basin and Paraguay-Parana source region
• Marine islands are over 300 km from the mainland and are coral atolls

Drainage

• Brazil's has 3 river basins: Amazon, Paraguay-Parana, Sao Francisco; Amazon collects headwaters from the Andes and contains distributaries
• The Paraguay-Parana system collects headwaters from the southern highlands
• The Sao Francisco occupies the eastern highlands and flows north
• India rivers are from the Himalayas and the Peninsula: Himalayan rivers have from the Himalayas and snow melt
• Peninsular rivers are rain-fed form water divide; west-flowing rivers are short and swift whereas most drain to the Bay of Bengal

Climate Summary

• Brazil's climate ranges from equatorial to temperate due to its large latitudinal extent
• Rainfall comes from southeast and northeast trade winds
• The highlands cause orographic rainfall along the coast, leading to a rain shadow
• India has a monsoon climate with temperatures that decrease towards the south
• The Indian Ocean and Himalayas influence climate
• Southwest monsoons bring rain that's affected by mountain ranges
• Regions with high temperature in summer, low pressure attract winds from the Indian Ocean

Natural Vegetation Notes

• Brazil Vegetation: Experiences varied Rainfall due to elevation changes; most of the equatorial area receives rain throughout the year; as one moves away from the equator there are reduces rainy days as well as decreased amount of rainfall; this affects the vegetation cycle
• India Vegetarian: Regions with over 2000 mm Evergreen forests; Regions between 1000 mm and 2000 mm with the deciduous Forests; Regions below 500 mm Thorny Shrubs
• Brazil: Vegetation species of the world
• India has greater diversity in wildlife
• Shield Area*: Rock formation is ancient igneous; Brazil and Guyana are the American Shields

India and Brazil Wildlife

• Brazil greater diversity in wildlife: Swamps of Pantanal huge anacondas; guinea pigs crocodiles and alligators various types of parrots macaws and flamingoes
• India diverse country in terms of wildlife and has elephants that are One-horned rhinoceroses swampy lands of wild arid lands Snow Himalayas and has tigers and lions

Population in India

• Per 2011 Census, India has about 121 crore people(second most worldwide, almost 18% of world population, but has just 2.4 % of land area)
• Distribution uneven due to geography and climate; concentrated areas due to farming, industries, trade
• Sparse population in, mountainous regions dry mountain, dense forest
• Brazil, population is mostly South-American
• Brazil has about 19 crore people and 5th most population in world

Population Characteristics

• Brazil - more women than men
• Brazil - Sex ratio over 1000 for decades and most live near the coast line
• Indians life expectancy up
• Population distribution is depended upon the distribution of resources

Settlements

• Settlements patterns are affect by climate, water availability, slope level of development,
• Nucleated in plateau region of Narmada Valley, paddy lands in Bihar, U.P, Vindhyan Plateau and several other cultivated
• Dispersed Tribal parts of central India, eastern and southern Rajasthan Limited land cause ruggard land rugged; good water supple and natural resource like Sao Paulo

Urbanization

• Level of urbanisation is measured terms of percentage of population to total population
• In Brazil, has rapid pace, especially in the South and South-east

Economic Activity

• Primary: Agriculture ,mining, animal, husbandry and fishing
• Secondary; involves manufacturing such as steel and textile production
• Tertiary , involve service provision , such as teaching , medical services and IT
• Economies: It depends On the economic activities carried out the countries
• Undergone economies like INDIA -Brazi and China which have all undergo economies

Transport

• In Brazil Transport: Road ways transport system,
• Indian transport ways are also important in the South-East

Tourism

• Tourism attracts many tourists and increases the economy
• As India is a Tropical climate It's has natural disaster.