Geography of Pakistan: Maps and Features
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Questions and Answers

What is the highest peak of the Safed Koh range?

  • Takht-i-Sulaiman
  • Sikeram (correct)
  • Bannu Peak
  • Kirthar Summit

Which of the following mountain ranges is located toward the west of the river Indus?

  • Waziristan Hills
  • Safed Koh
  • Sulaiman Range
  • Kirthar Range (correct)

What is a major challenge faced in developing infrastructure in the western mountains region?

  • Abundant vegetation
  • Lack of mineral resources
  • Steep mountainous landscape (correct)
  • High population density

Which range has the highest average height?

<p>Karakoram Range (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How high does the Kirthar Range rise?

<p>2174 meters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the highest peak of the Hindu Kush range?

<p>Trich Mir (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral deposits are primarily found in the Sulaiman Range?

<p>Limestone and Sandstone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which valley is indicated as one of the most populated areas in the western mountains?

<p>Bannu (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mountain range runs in an east-west direction?

<p>Karakoram Range (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Safed Koh range primarily serves as a barrier between which two regions?

<p>Pakistan and Afghanistan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a characteristic of the Lesser Himalayas?

<p>Average height ranges from 1800 to 4500 meters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT included in the three sub-parallel ranges of the Himalayas?

<p>Karakoram Range (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of economy is primarily supported due to the lack of vegetation in the western mountains?

<p>Nomadic livestock economy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the Siachen glacier located?

<p>Karakoram Range (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average height of the Himalayas?

<p>6000 meters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geographical feature do the peaks of the central Himalayas possess?

<p>Snow capped and steep-sided peaks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of sand dunes mentioned in the content?

<p>They shift grain by grain due to wind. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region mentioned is NOT a part of Tharparkar?

<p>Kharan (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does climate refer to as defined in the content?

<p>The long-term average atmospheric conditions over about 30 years. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is crucial in determining temperature as indicated in the content?

<p>The angle of the sun's rays. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of temperature, how does location relate to solar radiation?

<p>Solar radiation loses intensity over longer distances. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of an active flood plain?

<p>It experiences annual flooding during the rainy season. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features is commonly found in both active and old flood plains?

<p>Dry and braided channels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How high is the old flood plain in relation to the river level?

<p>Around 5 meters above (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What materials primarily compose the bars in the Upper Indus plain?

<p>Clay and silt (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common geographic feature of the old flood plain?

<p>Presence of oxbow lake depressions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the height range of bars in the Upper Indus plain?

<p>7-12 meters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure separates the old flood plain from the bar upland?

<p>A scarp (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be seen in the active flood plains during dry seasons?

<p>Braided and abandoned channels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of coastal air on the winters in nearby areas?

<p>They make winters less cold than inland areas. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which climate is characterized by hot summers and cold winters due to the lack of sea influence?

<p>Continental climate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does altitude influence temperature?

<p>Temperature decreases with altitude because heat transfer is less efficient. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of radiation primarily heats the atmosphere?

<p>Long-wave radiation from the Earth's surface (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average temperature loss of dry air for each kilometer rise in height?

<p>9.8 °C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the amount of heat energy transmitted to higher altitudes?

<p>It decreases due to fewer air molecules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do mountains have on the sun's rays in valleys?

<p>They block most of the sun’s rays from reaching the valleys. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about solar radiation's interaction with the atmosphere?

<p>The atmosphere is primarily heated by the reflected radiation from Earth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which regions are primarily affected by the monsoon of the Bay of Bengal?

<p>Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Gilgit-Baltistan (B), Northern Punjab and Azad Kashmir (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor primarily prevents the Arabian Sea monsoon from bringing significant rainfall to Sindh?

<p>Temperature inversion layer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of rainfall brought by western depressions in Pakistan during winter?

<p>The low pressure created in Punjab and Sindh (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does convectional rainfall occur?

<p>Due to rising warm air and moisture condensation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes thunderstorms from regular convectional rainfall?

<p>Thunderstorms form cumulonimbus clouds and have stronger winds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What temperature condition is necessary for the formation of a cyclone?

<p>Above 27° C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when cold and warm winds meet in the formation of a cyclone?

<p>They form a cone shape of low pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary physical change in air that leads to rain during convectional rainfall?

<p>Cooling of air at altitude (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the average height of the Karakoram Range?

The average height of the Karakoram Range is 6000 meters.

What is the direction of the Karakoram Range?

The Karakoram Range runs in an east-west direction.

What is the highest peak in the Karakoram Range?

The highest peak in the Karakoram Range is K2, which is 8610 meters tall.

What are the Himalayas divided into in Pakistan?

The Himalayas in Pakistan are divided into three sub-parallel ranges: the Great Himalayas, the Lesser Himalayas, and the Sub-Himalayas.

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Where are the Lesser Himalayas located?

The Lesser Himalayas are located south of the Great Himalayas.

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What is the average height of the Lesser Himalayas?

The average height of the Lesser Himalayas is between 1800 and 4500 meters.

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What is the highest peak in the Great Himalayas?

The highest peak in the Great Himalayas is Nanga Parbat which is 8126 meters tall.

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Where is the Hindu Kush range located?

The Hindu Kush range lies on the north and northwest border of Pakistan.

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Active Flood Plain

Flat land alongside a river that floods annually, about 2-3 meters above river level, 10-20 kilometers long.

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Doab

Land located between two rivers.

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Old Flood Plain

Elevated land 5 meters above river level, about 10-20 kilometers long, made of older alluvium, with signs of meanders and levees.

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Bars (Alluvial Terraces)

Flat areas in the Upper Indus Plain, 7-12 meters high, about 25-35 kilometers long, made of silt and clay, with a southwest direction.

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Meanders

Bends and curves formed in a river due to its changing course.

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Oxbow Lakes

U-shaped lakes formed when a meander gets cut off from the main river channel.

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Embankments

Artificial walls built alongside rivers to prevent flooding.

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Scarp

Slope that separates the old flood plain from the bar upland, about 20 meters long and 11 meters high.

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Waziristan Hills Location

The Waziristan hills are located between the Khurran and Gomal rivers along the Afghan border.

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Waziristan Hills Characteristics

The Waziristan hills are highly mineralized, lack vegetation, and reach a height of 3513 meters.

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Safed Koh Range Location

The Safed Koh range is found south of the Kabul River in an east-west direction.

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Safed Koh Range Features

The Safed Koh range features snow-capped limestone ridges, reaching a height of 4712 meters with Sikeram as the highest peak.

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Sulaiman Range Location

The Sulaiman range is located west of the Indus River, stretching 400 km long and 20-25 km wide.

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Sulaiman Range Minerals

The Sulaiman range is rich in limestone and sandstone.

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Kirthar Range Location

The Kirthar range lies west of the Indus River, extending into Sindh and Balochistan.

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Kirthar Range Features

The Kirthar range reaches 2174 meters, is barren of vegetation and is crossed by the Hub and Lyari rivers.

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What is the difference between weather and climate?

Weather refers to the day-to-day changes in temperature and precipitation, while climate describes the average atmospheric conditions over longer periods (at least 30 years).

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How does the angle of the sun affect temperature?

Regions closer to the equator receive sunlight at a more direct angle, concentrating energy and leading to warmer temperatures. Regions further away from the equator receive sunlight at a more oblique angle, spreading energy over a larger area and resulting in cooler temperatures.

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Why is Pakistan generally warmer than polar regions?

Pakistan lies in subtropical areas, receiving intense solar radiation concentrated on a smaller area due to its proximity to the equator. This results in warmer temperatures compared to polar regions, which receive less intense and more spread-out solar radiation.

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Describe the topography of Tharparkar.

Tharparkar is divided into three parts: Cholistan in Southern Punjab, Nara in Eastern Sindh, and Thar in the South East of Sindh. It is characterized by strips of soil found between sand dunes, with sand dunes shifting due to wind patterns. These dunes can reach 150m in height and are both longitudinal and latitudinal in direction.

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What happens when the wind blows away the top layer of sand?

When the wind erodes the top layer of sand, it exposes bare and weathered rocks underneath, revealing the underlying geology of the area.

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Coastal areas & Temperature

Coastal areas experience milder winters due to the moderating effect of the sea. Warm air from inland areas flows towards the coast to replace the rising air, creating lower air pressure.

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Continental Climate

Areas far from the moderating influence of the sea experience a continental climate with hot summers and cold winters. Most of the rainfall in these areas occurs during the winter months.

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Altitude & Temperature

As altitude increases, air temperature decreases. This is because the atmosphere absorbs less heat from the sun at higher altitudes.

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Solar Radiation & Temperature

The sun's short wavelength radiation is not directly absorbed by the atmosphere. Instead, the Earth's surface absorbs it and re-emits it as long wavelength radiation, which is then absorbed by the atmosphere.

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Air Density and Temperature

As altitude increases, the density of the air decreases. This means there are fewer gas molecules and water vapor to absorb the heat, leading to lower temperatures.

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Temperature Loss with Altitude

The average temperature loss for dry air is 9.8°C per kilometer of altitude increase. For moist air, it's 10°C per kilometer.

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Valleys & Sunlight

Valleys often receive limited sunlight because surrounding mountains block its rays, resulting in lower temperatures.

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Monsoon Rainfall in Pakistan

The Bay of Bengal monsoon brings rainfall to northern Punjab, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Gilgit-Baltistan, and Azad Kashmir. The Arabian Sea monsoon does not bring significant rainfall to Sindh due to a temperature inversion layer.

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Western Depression

Dry wind systems originating from the Mediterranean Sea that travel eastward towards Afghanistan and Pakistan, bringing rainfall during winter.

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Convectional Rainfall

Rain that occurs when the sun heats the land, causing warm air to rise and condense, forming clouds.

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Thunderstorm

A type of convectional rainfall characterized by rapid air rise, forming towering Cumulonimbus clouds, strong winds, lightning, heavy rainfall, and sometimes hailstones.

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Cyclone Formation

Occurs when the average temperature of a large water body exceeds 27°C, creating a low-pressure area that attracts air from high-pressure areas, leading to the formation of a cone.

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Why Western Depressions Cause Winter Rainfall in Pakistan

During winter, the Arabian Sea retains its warmth. Cold air from coastal areas flows towards the warmer sea, creating low pressure. This draws dry colder air from inland Sindh and Punjab towards the coast. Western depressions then move from the high pressure area in the Mediterranean Sea towards the low pressure area in the Indus Plains.

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Temperature Inversion Layer

A layer of warm air above a layer of cold air. This prevents rising air from reaching higher altitudes, thus inhibiting cloud formation and rainfall.

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Impact of Temperature Inversion Layer on Rainfall

The temperature inversion layer in Sindh prevents the Arabian Sea monsoon from bringing significant rainfall to the region because it acts as a barrier, preventing moisture-laden air from rising and forming clouds.

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Study Notes

Learning Outcomes

  • Candidates should identify specific locations on a map, including latitude and longitude lines, the Tropic of Cancer, the Arabian Sea, and bordering countries of Pakistan.

  • Key cities and landforms of Pakistan must be identifiable on a map, such as Islamabad, Muree, Rawalpindi, Lahore, Faisalabad, Multan, Peshawar, Quetta, Karachi, Gwadar, Balochistan Plateau, Sulaiman Range, Safed Koh, Potwar Plateau, Salt Range, Hindu Kush, Karakoram, and Himalayan ranges

  • Rivers and deserts of Pakistan should be identified on a map, such as the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, Kabul, Hab, and Dasht rivers; and the Thar, Thal, and Kharan deserts.

Describing Distinguishing Features

  • Candidates should be able to use appropriate vocabulary to describe the features of mountains, plateaus, floodplains, and deserts.

  • Knowledge of the formation of Pakistan's natural topography is not required.

Understanding Natural Topography

  • Candidates should understand the influence of natural topography on human activities, including how steep slopes and flat land affect the use of land and road/rail networks, and how deserts and mountains impact road and rail networks.

  • Candidates should be able to identify and name natural features on photographs or drawings.

Knowledge of Temperature and Rainfall

  • Candidates should know the distribution of temperature and rainfall, including monsoons, and different types of rain.

  • Candidates should know seasonal and regional variations in temperature and rainfall, and factors that contribute to them, such as depressions, thunderstorms, and cyclones.

Understanding Climate

  • Candidates should understand the characteristics of arid, semi-arid, humid, and highland climates, including seasonal variations in temperature and rainfall.

  • Candidates should know the influence of latitude and longitude on day length and climate.

  • Candidates should understand the problems and benefits of climate on local economies and people's lives within Pakistan. This should include the effect of low temperatures, droughts, and floods on local people's lives and work.

Definitions

  • Alluvial material: Material brought by a river.
  • Alluvial terrace/bar: A central high area of doab in which mature type of soil (fine loamy) is present.
  • Alluvial fans: Formed during rainy seasons due to sudden flows of water (torrent).
  • Alluvial cone: A steep-sloped alluvial fan.
  • Basin: A natural or artificial depression in the land.
  • Braided channel: A stream with a split, shallow channel which later merges or joins.
  • Boulder: A large, detached, generally rounded mass of rock.
  • Catchment area: The whole area drained by a river and its tributaries.
  • Doab: The land between two adjacent rivers.
  • Drainage: The natural runoff (flow) of water from an area by streams and rivers.
  • Delta: The mouth of a river.
  • Glacier: A large mass of snow over a huge area.
  • Gully: A narrow channel set up in the earth by the action of water.
  • Gorge: A rocky-walled, steep-sided narrow river valley.
  • Hamun: A shallow salt lake with inland drainage.

Additional Concepts

  • Northern Mountains: Karakoram, Himalayas, and Hindu Kush Ranges

  • Western Mountains: Waziristan hills, Safed Koh range, Sulaiman range, Kirthar range

  • Balochistan Plateau

  • Potwar Plateau

  • Indus Plain

  • Deserts: Thar, Thal, Kharan and other features

  • Climate: Weather patterns over a long period of time, including factors like temperature and precipitation.

  • Weather: Current atmospheric conditions, including temperature and precipitation.

  • Floods: Temporary covering of land by water.

  • Droughts: A period of low rainfall.

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O Level Pak Studies 2059/02 Topography and Climate PDF

Description

This quiz tests your knowledge of the geographical features of Pakistan, including key cities, rivers, deserts, and major landforms. You will need to identify precise locations such as latitude and longitude, and describe various terrains. Perfect for geography students or anyone interested in Pakistan's natural landscape.

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