Geography, History, and Political Science Overview

Definition: Study of the Earth’s landscapes, environments, and the relationships between people and their environments.
Key Concepts:
- Location: Absolute (coordinates) vs. Relative (contextual).
- Place: Physical and human characteristics of a location.
- Region: Areas defined by common characteristics.
- Human-Earth Relationships: Impact of human activity on the environment.

Importance: Understanding past events to comprehend current societies and cultures.
Key Themes:
- Cause and Effect: Events often have multiple causes and consequences.
- Change and Continuity: Identifying what has changed and what has remained the same over time.
- Historical Inquiry: Use of primary and secondary sources to study the past.

Definition: Study of politics, government systems, and political behavior.
Key Concepts:
- Political Theories: Liberalism, conservatism, socialism, etc.
- Governance: Different forms (democracy, authoritarianism, monarchy).
- International Relations: Interactions between states, NGOs, and international organizations.

Definition: Study of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
Key Concepts:
- Microeconomics: Individual economic units and their decision-making processes.
- Macroeconomics: Overall economy and large-scale economic factors.
- Supply and Demand: Fundamental economic model that describes market behavior.

Timeline: 1789-1799.
Causes:
- Social Inequality: Tensions between the Estates (Clergy, Nobility, Commoners).
- Economic Hardship: Debt, taxation issues, and food shortages.
- Enlightenment Ideas: Philosophical influences pushing for rights and democracy.
Key Events:
- Storming of the Bastille (1789).
- Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
- Reign of Terror (1793-1794).

Socialism: Economic system advocating for collective or governmental ownership of production.
Key Developments:
- Rise in the 19th century as a response to capitalism.
- Prominent figures: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
Russian Revolution (1917):
- February Revolution: Overthrew the Tsar.
- October Revolution: Bolsheviks seized power, leading to the establishment of a socialist state under Lenin.

Geographical Context:
- Located in South Asia, bordered by Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar.
- 7th largest country by land area.
Coordinates: Approximately 20°N latitude and 77°E longitude.

Major Landforms:
- Himalayan Mountain Range: Northern boundary, highest peaks (K2, Kanchenjunga).
- Indo-Gangetic Plain: Fertile region between Himalayas and Deccan Plateau.
- Western and Eastern Ghats: Mountain ranges along the western and eastern coasts.
- Thar Desert: Arid region in the northwest.

Rivers:
- Major Rivers: Ganges, Yamuna, Brahmaputra, Indus.
- River Systems: Peninsular (Godavari, Krishna) and Himalayan.
Importance:
- Water source for agriculture, drinking, and hydropower.
- Major cultural and religious significance.
Drainage Patterns:
- Dendritic, radial, and trellis patterns based on geological formations.

Study of Earth's landscapes, environments, and human-environment relationships.
Location concepts: Absolute (exact coordinates) and Relative (contextual surroundings).
Place defined by physical and human attributes of a location.
Regions categorized based on shared characteristics.
Human-Earth relationships highlight the impact of human activities on the environment.

Essential for understanding the origins of contemporary societies and cultures.
Events typically stem from multiple causes and can lead to various consequences.
Change and continuity are key to recognizing historical evolution over time.
Historical inquiry utilizes primary and secondary sources for past study.

Focuses on politics, government frameworks, and the behavior of individuals within political contexts.
Political theories include liberalism, conservatism, socialism, among others.
Governance encompasses different systems, such as democracy, authoritarianism, and monarchy.
International relations examine interactions among nations, NGOs, and global entities.

Occurred between 1789 and 1799, marked by significant societal upheaval.
Social inequality rooted in discontent among the three Estates: Clergy, Nobility, and Commoners.
Economic struggles included substantial debt, taxation crises, and food shortages.
Enlightenment philosophies promoted rights and democracy, fueling revolutionary thoughts.
Key events: Storming of the Bastille (1789), Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, and the Reign of Terror (1793-1794).

Socialism promotes collective or governmental ownership of production means.
Emerged as a counter-response to capitalism in the 19th century.
Influential figures like Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels played pivotal roles.
Russian Revolution of 1917 consisted of two major events: the February Revolution (overthrow of the Tsar) and the October Revolution (Bolsheviks took power, establishing a socialist state under Lenin).

Located in South Asia, sharing borders with Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar.
Seventh largest country by land area globally.
Geographical coordinates are approximately 20°N latitude and 77°E longitude.

Major landforms include the Himalayan Mountain Range (highest peaks such as K2 and Kanchenjunga).
The Indo-Gangetic Plain serves as a fertile agricultural region between the Himalayas and the Deccan Plateau.
Western and Eastern Ghats are mountain ranges found along India's coastal regions.
The Thar Desert is located in the northwestern part of the country, characterized by aridity.

Major rivers include the Ganges, Yamuna, Brahmaputra, and Indus.
River systems include Peninsular rivers (e.g., Godavari, Krishna) and Himalayan rivers.
Rivers are critical for agriculture, drinking water, and hydropower generation.
Major cultural and religious significance is attributed to these rivers.
Drainage patterns like dendritic, radial, and trellis are determined by geological features.