Geography and Environmental Studies Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a component of the Earth's interior?

  • Seawater
  • Glaciers
  • Fresh water located in streams
  • Asthenosphere (correct)

    • What is the main focus of historical geology?

  • The study of rock formation and erosion
  • The study of plate movements in the geologic past
  • The study of fossils and sequences of rock strata (correct)
  • The study of groundwater and freshwater resources

    • Which of the following is the shortest unit of time in the geologic time scale?

  • Subepochs (correct)
  • Epochs
  • Eras
  • Eons

    • What is the key difference between a hypothesis and a theory?

    <p>A hypothesis is a testable idea, while a theory is a well-supported explanation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a part of the Earth's internal structure?

    <p>Glaciers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of physical geology?

    <p>The study of how rocks form and of how erosion shapes the land surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the four spheres that constitute our environment?

    <p>eonosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Earth's outermost layer, consisting of the crust and the uppermost mantle, called?

    <p>Lithosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a sphere of the Earth?

    <p>Eonosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of Earth's layers are composed of basalt?

    <p>Oceanic crust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of Earth's interior layers is responsible for the generation of Earth's magnetic field?

    <p>Outer Core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the scientifically accepted age of the Earth?

    <p>4.6 billion years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of Earth's layers are composed primarily of iron?

    <p>Core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following layers of the Earth's interior has the lowest density?

    <p>Oceanic crust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which elements are commonly found in dark silicate minerals?

    <p>Calcium and sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical color of the mineral Olivine?

    <p>Dark green</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of chemical bonding involves the sharing of electrons?

    <p>Covalent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a mineral that allows light to pass through it?

    <p>Transparent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct order of coal grades from lowest to highest?

    <p>lignite, bituminous, anthracite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two types of metamorphic rocks are composed primarily of single minerals?

    <p>marble and quartzite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of breaking down materials by physical forces into smaller pieces?

    <p>Mechanical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following minerals is typically found in continental igneous rocks?

    <p>Hornblende</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which magma of different compositions combines to form a new magma?

    <p>Magma mixing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rock is typically formed as silica-rich lava is quenched?

    <p>Obsidian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which ions arrange themselves into orderly structures?

    <p>Crystallization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves the complex reorganization of minerals, converting them into new minerals and transforming rocks into stable substances?

    <p>Metamorphism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During metamorphism, what is the major effect of chemically active fluids?

    <p>Aid in the movement of dissolved silicate constituents and facilitate growth of the mineral grains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rock can change to gneiss through metamorphic activity?

    <p>Granite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rock consists of rounded gravel-sized particles that can be used to determine the source area of the sediments?

    <p>Conglomerate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a rock with a high percentage of ferromagnesian minerals?

    <p>Mafic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the soft, porous sedimentary rock made up almost entirely of the hard parts of microscopic marine organisms?

    <p>Chalk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who established the sequence in which minerals crystallize from magma in the early 1900s?

    <p>Bowen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for when minerals recrystallize with a preferred orientation perpendicular to the direction of compressional force?

    <p>Foliation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which magma cools and solidifies to form an igneous rock?

    <p>Solidification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of ions combining to form minerals?

    <p>Crystallization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between 'extrusive' and 'intrusive' igneous rocks?

    <p>Extrusive rocks form from fast-cooling lava, intrusive rocks form from slow-cooling magma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of diagenesis?

    <p>Physical compaction of sediments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between mechanical weathering and chemical weathering?

    <p>Mechanical weathering involves physical breakdown, chemical weathering involves chemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Earth's Spheres

    • The four spheres that constitute our environment are atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere
    • Eonosphere is not one of the four spheres

    Earth's Layers

    • Earth's outermost layer is the lithosphere, a relatively cool, rigid shell
    • The lithosphere is composed of the crust and the uppermost mantle
    • The mantle is not composed of basalt
    • The core is composed primarily of iron

    Earth's Interior

    • The geologic time scale divides Earth's history into different units
    • The scientifically accepted age of the Earth is 4.6 billion years old
    • The outer core is responsible for the generation of the Earth's magnetic field
    • The core has the highest density among the Earth's interior layers

    Hydrosphere

    • The hydrosphere consists of seawater, freshwater in streams, groundwater, and glaciers
    • All of the above are components of the hydrosphere

    Physical and Historical Geology

    • Historical geology involves the study of rock strata, fossils, and geologic events
    • Physical geology includes the study of how rocks form and how erosion shapes the land surface

    Geologic Time Scale

    • The geologic time scale divides Earth's existence into various units of time
    • The longest expanses of time are termed eons

    Minerals

    • Dark silicate minerals contain iron and magnesium
    • Hornblende is a dark silicate mineral that is typically dark green in color, exhibits two cleavage planes at 60° and 120°, and is typically found in continental igneous rocks

    Chemical Bonding

    • In covalent bonding, electrons are shared between adjacent atoms

    Mineral Properties

    • If light and images are visible through a mineral, the mineral is said to be translucent
    • Obsidian is a dark-colored, glassy igneous rock that is typically formed as silica-rich lava is quenched

    Metamorphism

    • Metamorphic activity can change sandstone to marble
    • Crystallization is the process by which ions lose their mobility and begin to arrange themselves into orderly structures

    Igneous Rocks

    • Magma is completely or partially molten material inside the Earth, which on cooling solidifies to form an igneous rock
    • Mafic rocks have a high percentage of ferromagnesian minerals

    Sedimentary Rocks

    • Chalk is a soft, porous sedimentary rock made up almost entirely of the hard parts of microscopic marine organisms no larger than the head of a pin

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    Practice Exam 1.docx

    Description

    This quiz assesses knowledge of environmental studies and geography, including the Earth's layers and spheres. Test your understanding of the Earth's structure and environment.

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