Practice Exam 1.docx

**Question 1** **1 / 1 pts** Which one of the following is NOT one of the four \"spheres\" that constitute our environment?    eonosphere      atmosphere      hydrosphere      biosphere     **Question 2** **1 / 1 pts** Earth\'s outermost layer, consisting of the crust and the upper...

**Question 1** **1 / 1 pts** Which one of the following is NOT one of the four \"spheres\" that constitute our environment?    eonosphere      atmosphere      hydrosphere      biosphere     **Question 2** **1 / 1 pts** Earth\'s outermost layer, consisting of the crust and the uppermost mantle, is a relatively cool, rigid shell called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.    Core      Lithosphere      Asthenosphere      Mesosphere      \"D\" layer   **Question 3** **1 / 1 pts** Which of the following is not a sphere of the Earth?    Hydrosphere      Atmosphere      Eonosphere      Biosphere     **Question 4** **1 / 1 pts** Earth\'s interior layers can be classified based upon chemical composition. Which of Earth\'s layers are composed of basalt?    Oceanic crust      Continental crust      Mantle      Core      Lithosphere     **Question 5** **1 / 1 pts** Which of Earth\'s interior layers is responsible for the generation of Earth\'s magnetic field?    Lithosphere      Asthenosphere      Mesosphere      Outer Core      Inner Core     **Question 6** **1 / 1 pts** The geologic time scale divides Earth history into different units and illustrates a meaningful timeframe within which the events of the geologic past are arranged. As illustrated by this time scale, what is the scientifically accepted age of the Earth?    4.6 billion years old      2.3 million years old      8.7 billion years old      10,000 years old      Scientists have not developed a scientifically accepted age of the Earth     **Question 7** **1 / 1 pts** Earth\'s interior layers can be classified based upon chemical composition. Which of Earth\'s layers are composed primarily of iron?    Oceanic crust      Continental crust      Mantle      Core     **Question 8** **1 / 1 pts** Which of the following layers of the Earth\'s interior has the lowest density?    Oceanic crust      Continental crust      Core      Outer Core      Mantle     **Question 9** **1 / 1 pts** Why would a ballooning Earth population be an issue for geologists?    The orbit of the Earth is affected by the size of the human population      The number of people on Earth affects the number of minerals that are formed every year      Natural resources include minerals, and as demand increases, supply diminishes, and eventually is exhausted      None of the above     **Question 10** **1 / 1 pts** In the scientific method, scientific theories..........    Must be tested and verified by observations      Must be verified by the leading authorities in the field      Must be consistent with previous, universally accepted scientific concepts      Must be consistent with the facts that the Earth is of great age      Are accepted as absolute fact until proven otherwise     **Question 11** **1 / 1 pts** A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a group of interacting, or interdependent parts that form a complex whole.    Network      Hypothesis      Theory      System      Environment     **Question 12** **1 / 1 pts** This field of science integrates chemistry, physics, geology, biology, meteorology, & astronomy to develop an understanding of the marine environment.    Astronomy      Oceanography      Physical Geology      Paleontology      Earth Science     **Question 13** **1 / 1 pts** Which of the following layers of the Earth is the LEAST dense?    Oceanic crust      Continental crust      Mantle      Core     **Question 14** **1 / 1 pts** Which layer of the Earth\'s interior, as defined by physical properties, extends from 250 km to 660 km in the Earth, is relatively soft and weak, and has convection currents that move the plates that lie above?    Lithosphere      Mantle      Asthenosphere      Core      Outer core     **Question 15** **1 / 1 pts** Which of the following is not a component of the hydrosphere?    Seawater      Fresh water located in streams      Groundwater      Glaciers      All of the above are components of the hydrosphere     **Question 16** **1 / 1 pts** What are the basic differences between the disciplines of physical and historical geology?    Physical geology is the study of fossils and sequences of rock strata; historical geology is the study of how rocks and minerals were used in the past.      Historical geology involves the study of rock strata, fossils, and geologic events, utilizing the geologic time scale as a reference; physical geology includes the study of how rocks form and of how erosion shapes the land surface.      Physical geology involves the study of rock strata, fossils, and deposition in relation to plate movements in the geologic past; historical geology charts how and where the plates were moving in the past.      None of the above: physical geology and historical geology are essentially the same.   **Question 17** **1 / 1 pts** The geologic time scale divides Earth existence into various units of time. The longest expanses of time are termed \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.    Eons      Eras      Periods      Epochs      Subepochs     **Question 18** **1 / 1 pts** Which of the following explains best the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?    A hypothesis is developed to explain observations, but a theory is a hypothesis that has passed years of testing/scrutiny      A hypothesis is a series of observations, and a theory is a model that explains them      A hypothesis is the same as a theory, just named by different scientists      A hypothesis is a model that requires testing, but a theory is a fact      A hypothesis is a model that has passed a series of tests, but a theory explains a set of observations     **Question 19** **1 / 1 pts** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the name for all the sciences that collectively seek to understand Earth and the other planets in space. This area of study includes geology, oceanography, meteorology, and astronomy.    Astrochemistry      Astrophysics      Astrology      Earth Science      Scientology     **Question 20** **1 / 1 pts** How much of the Earth\'s surface is covered by the oceans and marginal seas?    65%      71%      75%      82%      90%     **Question 21** **1 / 1 pts** Which of the Earth\'s power sources drives processes including those that generate earthquakes, induce volcanic eruptions, and generate mountain systems?    Sun      Tidal forces      Earth\'s internal energy    Nuclear fission      Geothermal energy     **Question 22** **1 / 1 pts** All of the following are possible steps of scientific investigation except for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.    The collection of scientific facts through observations and measurement      Assumption of conclusions without prior experimentation or observation      The development of one or more working hypotheses or models to explain facts      Development of observations and experiments to test the hypotheses.     **Question 23** **1 / 1 pts** Which of the following layers of the Earth has the largest volume?    Oceanic crust      Continental crust      Mantle      Core     **Question 24** **1 / 1 pts** Which sphere of the Earth includes all life on Earth and consists of parts of the solid Earth, water, and air in which organisms can be found?    Biosphere      Atmosphere      Geosphere      Hydrosphere      Cryosphere     **Question 25** **1 / 1 pts** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ examines the materials composing Earth and seeks to understand the many processes that operate beneath and upon its surface.    Historical geology      Oceanography      Physical geology      Astronomy   **Question 1** **1 / 1 pts** The smallest particle of matter that retains the characteristics of an element is termed a/an...................    Atom      Nucleus      Nucleotide      Compound      Photon     **Question 2** **1 / 1 pts** What are the lightest or least massive of the basic atomic particles?    uranium nuclei      protons      electrons      neutrons     **Question 3** **1 / 1 pts** A field geologist collects a mineral sample. While conducting a field evaluation, the geologist determines the mineral scratches his/her fingernail but does not scratch a piece of glass. What conclusion can be made from this observation?    The mineral has a hardness of less than 2.5      The mineral has a hardness of greater than 5.5      The mineral has a hardness between 2.5 and 5.5      The mineral is synthetic      The mineral is from outer space     **Question 4** **1 / 1 pts** The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom determines the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the element.    atomic mass      energy shell      mass number      atomic number      atomic energy     **Question 5** **1 / 1 pts** All silicate minerals contain which two elements?    iron, silicon      silicon, sodium      oxygen, carbon      silicon, oxygen     **Question 6** **1 / 1 pts** Which of the following physical properties of a mineral is the LEAST diagnostic?    Luster      Color      Cleavage      Hardness      Streak     **Question 7** **1 / 1 pts** What element is the most abundant in the Earth\'s crust by weight?    Carbon      Chlorine      Oxygen      Sodium     **Question 8** **1 / 1 pts** Why aren\'t synthetic diamonds considered minerals?    Synthetic minerals are not naturally occurring      Synthetic minerals do not have chemical compositions      Synthetic minerals are organic      Synthetic minerals do not possess an internal ordered atomic structure      Synthetic diamonds are considered minerals     **Question 9** **1 / 1 pts** An atom\'s mass number is 13 and its atomic number is 6. How many neutrons are in its nucleus?    19      7      13      6      Cannot be determined with the information provided     **Question 10** **1 / 1 pts** A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is any solid mass of mineral, or mineral-like, matter that occurs naturally as part of our planet. Most of these occur as aggregates of several minerals but some can be composed of almost entirely one mineral.    element      atom      rock      mineral      isotope     **Question 11** **1 / 1 pts** The outermost energy shell of an atom is extremely important in the chemical bonding of atoms. The electrons in this outermost shell are termed \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ electrons.    Valence      Bonding      Covalent      Ionic      Isotopic     **Question 12** **1 / 1 pts** Which of the following dark silicate minerals is typically black to green in color, displays a glassy luster, exhibits conchoidal fracture, and typically forms small rounded crystals?    Olivine      Biotite      Amphibole      Quartz      Feldspar     **Question 13** **1 / 1 pts** Which mineral is composed of silicon dioxide (Si02)?    calcite      diamond      olivine      quartz     **Question 14** **1 / 1 pts** The appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.    sheen      fluorescence      streak      color      luster     **Question 15** **1 / 1 pts** Gypsum belongs to which mineral class/group?    Silicates      Carbonates      Sulfates      Halides     **Question 16** **1 / 1 pts** Which common light silicate mineral is relatively hard, composed entirely of silicon and oxygen, resistant to weathering, does not cleave, and forms hexagonal crystals with pyramid-shaped ends?    Quartz      Muscovite      Biotite      Plagioclase feldspar      Potassium feldspar     **Question 17** **1 / 1 pts** Which carbonate mineral reacts readily with cool, dilute hydrochloric acid to produce and effervescence (a fizz)?    Dolomite      Plagioclase      Gypsum      Calcite     **Question 18** **1 / 1 pts** The tendency of minerals to break along smooth flat surfaces is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.    streak      fracture      cleavage      conchoidal      polyhedral     **Question 19** **1 / 1 pts** The mass of an atom is concentrated in its \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.    nucleus      electron      neutron      angstrom      isotope     **Question 20** **1 / 1 pts** The most abundant mineral group in Earth\'s crust is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. It is estimated that 90% of all minerals in the Earth\'s crust belong to this group.    oxides      carbonates      sulfides      halides      silicates     **Question 21** **1 / 1 pts** The most abundant element in Earth\'s crust (by weight) is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.    oxygen      silicon      calcium      sodium     **Question 22** **1 / 1 pts** Which of the following elements are contained in dark silicate minerals?    Aluminum and calcium      Potassium and sodium      Calcium and sodium      Iron and magnesium      Aluminum and potassium     **Question 23** **1 / 1 pts** Which of the following dark silicate minerals is typically dark green in color, exhibits two cleavage planes at 60° and 120°, and is typically found in continental igneous rocks?    Olivine      Biotite      Hornblende      Quartz      Feldspar     **Question 24** **1 / 1 pts** In which type of chemical bonding are electrons shared between adjacent atoms?    Ionic      Subatomic      Covalent      Isotopic     **Question 25** **1 / 1 pts** If light and images are visible through a mineral, the mineral is said to be..............    Opaque      Translucent      Invisible      Transparent   **Question 1** **1 / 1 pts** Which of the following lists presents forms of coal in the correct order from the lowest grade to the highest grade?    lignite, bituminous, anthracite      bituminous, anthracite, lignite      anthracite, lignite, bituminous      lignite, anthracite, bituminous      anthracite, bituminous, lignite     **Question 2** **1 / 1 pts** What two, metamorphic rocks are composed predominantly of single minerals?    mica schist and granitic gneiss      fault breccia and graphitic schist      garnet schist and hornfels      marble and quartzite     **Question 3** **1 / 1 pts** Weathering can occur by two processes. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs when materials are broken down by physical forces into smaller and smaller pieces, each retaining the characteristics of the original material.    Mechanical weathering      Oxidation weathering      Chemical weathering      Erosional weathering      Mass wasting     **Question 4** **1 / 1 pts** Which are definitions of \"mafic\" and \"felsic\"?    Mafic is a magma/rock that is rich in feldspar and silica (quartz), whereas felsic refers to that which is rich in Fe and Mg      Mafic is a magma/rock that is rich in Fe and Mg, whereas felsic refers to that which is rich in feldspar and silica (quartz)      Mafic is hard rock, felsic is soft rock      Both A and C      None of the above     **Question 5** **1 / 1 pts** If an igneous rock contains 25% - 45% dark silicate minerals, it has a/an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ composition.    Granitic      Andesitic      Basaltic      Ultramafic     **Question 6** **1 / 1 pts** Assume that water filling a crack in a rock undergoes cycles of freezing and melting. Which of the following statement is true?    water expands as it melts, causing the crack walls to be pushed apart      water shrinks as it freezes, causing the crack walls to be drawn closer together      water expands as it freezes, causing the crack walls to be pushed apart      water shrinks as it melts, causing the crack walls to be pulled closer together     **Question 7** **1 / 1 pts** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ forms from the metamorphism of limestone or dolostone.    Migmatite      Amphibolite      Marble      Quartzite     **Question 8** **1 / 1 pts** Igneous rocks are most often classified by their \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and mineral composition.    size      texture      color      shape      formation     **Question 9** **1 / 1 pts** What is the name of the process by which minerals crystallize and settle out of a melt?    Crystal settling      Magma mixing      Bowen\'s reaction series    Assimilation      Extrusion     **Question 10** **1 / 1 pts** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a dark-colored, glassy igneous rock that is typically formed as silica-rich lava is quenched.    Pumice      Basalt      Obsidian      Gabbro     **Question 11** **1 / 1 pts** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the process by which ions lose their mobility and begin to arrange themselves into orderly structures.    Solidification      Lithification      Crystallization      Partial melting      Metamorphism     **Question 12** **1 / 1 pts** Through metamorphic activity \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.    sandstone can change to marble      granite can change to clay minerals      slate can change to shale      granite can change to gneiss      limestone can change to quartzite     **Question 13** **1 / 1 pts** Magma is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.    An igneous rock, which on melting becomes completely or partially lava      A lava fountain that completely or partially cools and solidifies to form molten rock      Completely or partially molten material inside the Earth, which on cooling solidifies for form an igneous rock      Completely or partially molten material on the Earth\'s surface, which on cooling liquefies to form a lava tube   **Question 14** **1 / 1 pts** Which one of the following terms is used by geologists to denote any rock with a high percentage of ferromagnesian minerals?    calcic      mafic      ferric      felsic      masic     **Question 15** **1 / 1 pts** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a soft, porous sedimentary rock made up almost entirely of the hard parts of microscopic marine organisms no larger than the head of a pin.    Claystone      Breccia      Travertine      Shale      Chalk     **Question 16** **1 / 1 pts** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ involves the complex processes that alter the internal structures of minerals by removing and/or adding elements. This process converts minerals into new minerals and transforms rocks into substances that are stable in the environment that they are contained in.    Erosion      Mechanical weathering      Chemical weathering      Frost wedging      Diagenesis     **Question 17** **1 / 1 pts** During metamorphism, what is the major effect of chemically active fluids?    increase the pressures in deeply buried, regional-metamorphic zones      aid in the movement of dissolved silicate constituents and facilitate growth of the mineral grains      prevent partial melting so solid rocks can undergo very high temperature regional metamorphism      facilitate the formation of schistosity and gneissic banding in hornfels and slates     **Question 18** **1 / 1 pts** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ consists of rounded gravel sized particles that are large enough to be identified as distinctive rock types which can be used to determine the source area of the sediments.    Breccia      Sandstone      Coquina      Conglomerate      Limestone     **Question 19** **1 / 1 pts** In the early 1900s, pioneering investigations by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ established the sequence in which minerals crystallize from magma.    Smith      Playfair      Bowen      Lyell      Ussher     **Question 20** **1 / 1 pts** When certain minerals recrystallize with a preferred orientation that is perpendicular to the direction of the compressional force, the rock is said to exhibit \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.    shear      foliation      aureole      all of the above      none of the above     **Question 21** **1 / 1 pts** What is meant by \"extrusive\" and \"intrusive\" igneous rocks?    Igneous rocks that are cooled at the surface (volcanic) and interior to the surface (plutonic) of the Earth, respectively      Sedimentary rocks that are cooled at the surface (volcanic) and interior to the surface (plutonic) of the Earth, respectively      Metamorphic rocks that are cooled at the surface (volcanic) and interior to the surface (plutonic) of the Earth, respectively      All of these     **Question 22** **1 / 1 pts** Which metamorphic environment produces the greatest quantity of metamorphic rocks? This will occur as large portions of the Earth\'s crust are deformed along convergent plate boundaries, resulting in intense deformation due to differential stresses.    Contact metamorphism      Hydrothermal metamorphism      Regional metamorphism      Burial metamorphism      Impact metamorphism     **Question 23** **1 / 1 pts** Which one of the following does NOT refer to the texture of an igneous rock?    glassy      porphyritic      clastic      aphanitic      phaneritic     **Question 24** **1 / 1 pts** According to Bowen\'s reaction series, which is the proper sequence of ferromagnesian silicate minerals crystallizing from a cooling magma?    Olivine-pyroxene-amphibole-biotite      Biotite-amphibole-pyroxene-olivine      Pyroxene-amphibole-olivine-biotite      Amphibole-pyroxene-biotite-olivine     **Question 25** **1 / 1 pts** The process of metamorphism involves \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.    formation of rock from magma      transformation of pre-existing rock      decomposition of pre-existing rock      mass movement of rock material      only Precambrian rocks