195 Questions
What is the main purpose of geographic coordinates?
To define the exact location of a place on Earth
Which line runs east-west around the globe?
Equator
Which point on the compass card represents true north?
North (N)
How are bearings measured?
In degrees from the observer's position
Which line passes through Greenwich, England?
Prime Meridian
What is the basic unit used to subdivide each degree of latitude and longitude?
Seconds ('')
What is the angle measured relative to magnetic north called?
Magnetic bearing
How do you find the true bearing?
Subtract the magnetic declination from the magnetic bearing
What do close contour lines on a topographic map indicate?
Steep slope
What does vertical exaggeration do in drawing cross-sections?
Enhances visibility of subtle features
Which measurement helps determine the steepness of a slope?
Gradient
In which country does magnetic north lie west of true north?
South Africa
How is intervisibility assessed?
By drawing sight lines between points on a cross-section
What do far apart contour lines on a map indicate?
Gentle slope
What is the angle between true north and magnetic north called?
Magnetic declination
How can you convert square meters to hectares?
Divide by 10,000
Where does the analytical phase of research typically take place?
In a classroom or lab setting
What is involved in the final phase of presenting findings?
Compiling findings into a structured format like a report or presentation
What should be included in the summary of research findings?
A summary of the data collected and analysis conducted
Where is the presentation of findings usually carried out?
In a classroom or conference setting
What happens at the conclusion of the research phases?
The hypothesis is either accepted or rejected based on evidence
Why is it important to propose actionable recommendations based on research findings?
To provide solutions based on the conclusions drawn from the analysis
What is the main advantage of using vertical aerial photographs?
They offer a consistent scale and top-down view.
Which element is crucial in identifying built structures like buildings and roads on aerial photographs?
Shape
What is an essential characteristic of orthophoto maps that distinguishes them from standard aerial photographs?
They provide a scale-accurate image.
Why are shadows important in aerial photographs?
To identify the time of day and sun's position.
What function of GIS involves querying and manipulating data to extract relevant information?
Recalling and Processing Data
What do low-oblique aerial photographs typically not show?
Horizon
In aerial photographs, what influences the tone variation in objects captured?
Moisture content on the surface.
How do vertical aerial photographs differ from oblique aerial photographs?
Vertical photos are suitable for mapping due to their consistent scale and top-down view.
Why is texture an essential element in identifying land covers on aerial photographs?
Texture reveals the visual smoothness or roughness of surfaces.
What makes orthophoto maps highly reliable for detailed planning and precise measurements?
They correct distortions like lens distortions and camera tilt.
What does spatial resolution refer to in GIS?
The level of detail in an image, dictated by the size of pixels
What type of data represents specific locations on the earth's surface?
Point Data
Which data structure in GIS is especially effective for continuous data?
Raster Data
What is the primary purpose of an atlas index?
To guide users in quickly finding specific locations or features
Which component of an atlas provides background, analysis, and insights?
Text Descriptions
What does spectral resolution indicate in GIS?
The ability of a sensor to detect information across various spectral bands
In GIS, what type of data covers regions like lakes or national parks?
Area Data (Polygons)
What type of data uses points, lines, and polygons to represent discrete features?
Vector Data
What is the purpose of raster data in GIS?
To consist of a grid of cells where each cell holds a value representing information.
What is the main function of an atlas index feature description?
To provide visual context and illustrate changes over time or differences between regions.
What is the first step in finding a specific place or feature in an atlas?
Access the index to locate the desired place or feature
What should you do after noting the page number in the atlas when finding a specific place or feature?
Turn to that page in the atlas
In what phase of conducting fieldwork would researchers typically engage in extensive reading and observation?
Identify and Define a Problem
What is the purpose of formulating a hypothesis in fieldwork?
Propose an educated guess about a phenomenon
Where is the best location for data collection during fieldwork?
At specific locations in the field where the phenomenon occurs
Which phase of fieldwork involves processing and analyzing collected data?
Analyse and Interpret Information
What should be clearly stated in a hypothesis for a research project?
'Why' you expect to find or think will happen
Where would one find relevant page numbers when studying a theme using an atlas?
In the table of contents
What is primarily conducted in the field during fieldwork?
'Collect, Describe, and Record Information' phase
Which activity would be associated with determining the type of data required and how to collect it during fieldwork?
Decide on qualitative methods like interviews or quantitative methods like surveys
Where is the presentation of findings usually carried out?
Classroom or conference setting
What is the main purpose of formulating a hypothesis in fieldwork?
To guide the research process
How are conclusions reached at the end of the research phases?
Based on evidence gathered and analyzed
What makes orthophoto maps highly reliable for detailed planning and precise measurements?
Their consistent scale across the entire map
Which component of an atlas provides background, analysis, and insights?
Thematic content
What should be included in the summary of research findings?
Analysis of the conclusions drawn
What is the purpose of using geographic coordinates?
To pinpoint precise locations on Earth
Which of the following best describes the function of compass points?
Aiding in general orientation by showing directions
What do bearings measure in terms of direction?
Precise direction from the observer's position
In the geographic coordinate system, what does longitude primarily define?
East-West position on Earth
What is the main function of true bearing when determining direction?
Measuring the angle relative to true north
How are minutes and seconds subdivided in the geographic coordinate system?
Each minute is divided into 60 seconds
What is the purpose of formulating a hypothesis in fieldwork?
To predict a potential solution to the identified problem
During fieldwork, what activity would be associated with Phase 3: Collect, Describe, and Record Information?
Determining the type of data required and methods for collecting it
Which line passes through Greenwich, England?
Prime Meridian
What is primarily conducted in the field during fieldwork?
Collecting data related to the research project
What do far apart contour lines on a map indicate?
Gentle slope
What is the angle measured relative to magnetic north called?
Declination angle
Why are shadows important in aerial photographs?
To provide a sense of scale and depth perception
Which point on the compass card represents true north?
'N' on the compass card
What does spatial resolution refer to in GIS?
The level of detail and clarity in spatial data representation
'Finding the exact location on the map using alphanumeric or coordinates' is associated with which step in using an atlas?
'Step 4: Use map reference'
What does magnetic declination refer to?
The angle between true north and magnetic north
How is the area typically measured for regular and irregular shapes?
In square meters or square kilometers
What happens when contour lines are close together on a topographic map?
Steep slope is indicated
What does vertical exaggeration aim to achieve in drawing cross-sections?
Enhance the visibility of subtle features
What is the process called when geographic data is associated with a specific location on the earth's surface?
Georeferencing
Which type of GIS data represents regions such as lakes or national parks?
Area Data (Polygons)
How is gradient calculated for a slope?
By dividing the vertical change in elevation by the horizontal distance
What is the name for the structure in GIS that utilizes a grid of cells to represent information like elevation or land use?
Raster Data
What does intervisibility refer to in geographical terms?
Capability to view from one point to another without obstruction
What does a cross-section provide in geographical analysis?
Side view of terrain elevation profile
What is the primary feature that distinguishes an atlas from other forms of spatial data representation?
Collection of maps and graphical representations
What is the main purpose of an atlas index feature description?
To provide geographical context
In South African topographic maps, what does a 5 m contour interval represent?
Steep Slope
In GIS, what does higher spatial resolution signify?
Finer detail in an image
What does spectral resolution indicate in GIS?
"The ability to detect information across various spectral bands"
"Raster Data" in GIS is especially effective for which type of data?
"Continuous data"
"Vector Data" in GIS primarily uses which elements to represent geographic features?
"Points, lines, and polygons"
What type of GIS data includes features that have length but negligible width?
Line Data
What is a key characteristic of high-oblique aerial photographs?
They offer a more three-dimensional perspective
How do bare fields typically appear on aerial photographs based on tone?
Lighter due to reflectivity
What is the primary function of orthophoto maps compared to standard aerial photographs?
Correct for lens distortions
Which element helps geographers determine the time of day from aerial photographs?
Cast shadows
What key aspect makes orthophoto maps highly reliable for detailed planning?
Correction for topographic relief
Why are oblique aerial photographs particularly useful for visualizing landscape features?
They offer a three-dimensional perspective
How do shadows on aerial photographs contribute to identification?
By helping identify spatial qualities like height and depth
What is the primary use of orthophoto maps compared to standard aerial photographs?
Provide scale-accurate images corrected for various distortions
How do built structures like buildings differ from natural features on aerial photographs?
Both have clear boundaries visible from a top-down view
What feature on aerial photographs helps determine objects' height and depth?
Cast shadows
Which line of latitude runs at 0°?
Equator
What is the angle measured relative to true north called?
True Bearing
How many seconds can each minute in geographic coordinates be further divided into?
60
What are the basic points of a compass card that help describe direction?
Cardinal Locations
In what direction does the Prime Meridian run?
East-West
What is the system that allows for precise pinpointing of locations?
Cartesian Coordinates
What is the primary focus of Phase 5 in the research process?
Presenting findings and making recommendations
Where is the presentation of research findings typically carried out?
In a classroom or conference setting
What is the purpose of proposing actionable recommendations based on research findings?
To enhance understanding and provide solutions based on findings
At the conclusion of research phases, what determines whether the hypothesis is accepted or rejected?
The evidence gathered and analyzed
What happens when researchers reach the conclusion of the structured approach to fieldwork?
The research is deemed comprehensive and systematic
Where does the analytical phase usually take place for processing data systematically?
In a lab setting
What is the method to calculate true bearing?
Subtract magnetic declination from magnetic bearing
How is vertical exaggeration calculated in a cross-section?
Dividing the vertical scale by the horizontal scale
What do close contour lines on a topographic map typically indicate?
Steep slope
What is the main purpose of constructing a cross-section in geography?
To visualize elevation profile
How is gradient calculated in geography?
Divide vertical change by horizontal distance
What does intervisibility refer to in geographical terms?
Ability to see from one point to another without obstructions
How does the depiction of elevation in contours help in understanding landscapes?
By connecting points of equal elevation
What is the conversion factor between m² and hectares?
$10:1$
What information is provided by different contour intervals on topographic maps?
Elevation changes
Why are contour lines important on topographic maps in geography?
To depict elevation changes and terrain shape
What purpose do orthophoto maps serve in geography?
Enhance aerial photographs with cartographic details
Which element is crucial in identifying natural features like rivers and mountains on aerial photographs?
Shape and Pattern
What is the main advantage of using oblique aerial photographs over vertical ones?
Offer a three-dimensional perspective
How do shadows contribute to the identification of objects in aerial photographs?
Help determine the time of day and the position of the sun
What does georeferencing ensure in GIS?
Associating each data piece with a specific location on the earth's surface
Which GIS data type describes characteristics such as the population of an area or the type of vegetation?
Attribute Data
What role does texture play in identifying different land covers on aerial photographs?
Describes the visual smoothness or roughness of surfaces
In GIS, what function entails converting data into a uniform format and integrating it with other data types?
Transforming and Integrating Data
In GIS, which data structure is especially effective for continuous data such as elevation or land use?
Raster Data
What distinguishes low-oblique aerial photographs from high-oblique ones?
Visibility of horizon
What is the primary function of an atlas index?
Organizing geographical features alphabetically for quick reference
Which type of geographic data is primarily adjusted for topographic relief and lens distortions on orthophoto maps?
Scale-accurate images
What is the main purpose of the components like graphs, charts, and tables in an atlas?
Offering quantitative views on various issues
What is the primary purpose of identifying shapes and patterns on aerial photographs?
To differentiate between built structures and natural features
What should a hypothesis in a research project primarily do?
Predict a possible reason for a phenomenon
Where is Phase 1 of conducting fieldwork typically carried out?
In a classroom or library
What is the main purpose of the Analyze and Interpret Information phase in fieldwork?
To process and analyze collected data
What is the primary function of an atlas index?
Guide users to specific pages and map locations
What is the primary activity in Phase 2 of fieldwork according to the text?
Formulating a hypothesis
How does an atlas help in studying a theme according to the text?
By guiding users to relevant pages and sections
What is the significance of collecting, describing, and recording information during fieldwork?
To capture and document necessary information
What is the main benefit of using geographic coordinates for location identification?
It allows exact location pinpointing on maps.
Why is Phase 3 of conducting fieldwork primarily carried out in the field according to the text?
To collect, describe, and record necessary information.
How does an atlas assist in finding specific places or features?
By guiding users through indexes, pages, and map references.
What is the significance of the equator in the geographic coordinate system?
It is at 0° latitude and helps measure north-south position.
What is the primary function of compass points in relation to geographic features?
To describe direction from one geographic feature to another.
In geographic positioning, what does a minute of latitude or longitude represent?
1/60th of a degree
How do bearings differ from compass points in specifying direction?
Bearings use true north as a reference point, while compass points use magnetic north.
Which statement accurately describes the Prime Meridian?
It is located at 0° longitude, running through Greenwich, England.
What role do seconds play in pinpointing locations on Earth?
They allow for precise location pinpointing with greater accuracy.
What is the purpose of proposing actionable recommendations based on research findings?
To provide potential solutions based on the research
What is the significance of soliciting feedback from peers or experts in the field during the presentation of research findings?
To receive constructive criticism and insights
What is the main purpose of compiling research findings into a report, poster, or oral presentation?
To present the data and analysis in a structured format
Why is it important to have a hypothesis at the beginning of fieldwork?
To have a starting point for investigation and analysis
What distinguishes structured fieldwork from unstructured fieldwork?
The presence of a systematic approach to problem-solving
How does the conclusion of the structured approach to fieldwork impact the initial hypothesis?
It solidifies and confirms or refutes the initial hypothesis
What is the key purpose of an atlas index feature description?
To guide users in quickly finding specific locations or features
Why does GIS require spatial referencing or georeferencing before utilizing geographic data?
To associate each piece of data with a specific location on Earth's surface
What distinguishes raster data from vector data in GIS?
Raster data is effective for continuous data and uses grid cells, while vector data represents discrete features using points, lines, and polygons
How does spectral resolution contribute to GIS data analysis?
It improves the ability to detect detailed attributes of surface materials across spectral bands
What distinguishes 'Line Data' from 'Area Data (Polygons)' in GIS?
'Line Data' features have negligible width but considerable length, while 'Area Data (Polygons)' covers regions with distinct boundaries
How do raster and vector data structures differ in their representation of geographical elements?
'Raster Data' employs grid cells with values representing information while 'Vector Data' represents discrete features using geometries like points, lines, and polygons
'Point Data' in GIS typically represents:
Specific locations on the earth's surface such as springs or monuments
'Spectral Resolution' in GIS primarily focuses on:
Detecting information across different spectral bands of the electromagnetic spectrum
What is the primary purpose of magnetic declination in geography?
To measure the angle between magnetic north and true north
In South Africa, where does magnetic north lie in relation to true north?
West
What is the significance of steep contour lines on a topographic map?
They signify a steep slope
How is vertical exaggeration calculated in a cross-section?
By dividing the horizontal axis scale by the vertical axis scale
What does gradient measure in geographical terms?
The rate of change of elevation along a slope
How does one determine intervisibility using a cross-section?
By drawing sight lines and noting if they intersect with terrain features
What does each contour line on a topographic map represent?
Points of equal elevation above sea level
How can you identify a gentle slope on a topographic map?
By finding contour lines far apart
What is the main purpose of constructing a cross-section on a topographic map?
To visualize terrain elevation profiles
What does vertical exaggeration aim to achieve in drawing cross-sections?
To enhance visibility of subtle terrain features
What is the main purpose of the Analyse and Interpret Information phase in conducting fieldwork?
To identify patterns, characteristics, and relationships
What distinguishes low-oblique aerial photographs from high-oblique ones?
The angle of the camera in relation to the ground
What is the angle between true north and magnetic north called?
Compass bearing
What happens at the conclusion of conducting fieldwork according to the text?
Proposing actionable recommendations based on research findings
What do far apart contour lines on a map typically indicate?
Flat land
What does spectral resolution indicate in GIS?
The ability to distinguish between different categories in an image
Why is texture considered an essential element in identifying land covers on aerial photographs?
To differentiate land use patterns
'Raster Data' in GIS is especially effective for which type of data?
Continuous data like elevation
What does intervisibility refer to in geographical terms?
Visibility between locations that can see each other directly
Where would one typically find relevant page numbers when studying a theme using an atlas?
In the index section of the atlas
What key aspect contributes to the reliability of orthophoto maps for precise measurements and detailed planning?
Corrected lens distortions
Why are shadows important in identifying objects on aerial photographs?
To identify the spatial qualities of objects
What is the primary function of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) when it comes to data processing and analysis?
Analyzing spatial relationships and patterns
How do built structures like buildings and roads typically differ from natural features like rivers and mountains on aerial photographs?
In geometric shape and boundaries
What is a primary characteristic that sets oblique aerial photographs apart from vertical aerial photographs?
The angle of capture
Why are orthophoto maps considered more accurate for measurements compared to standard aerial photos?
Corrected for topographic relief and lens distortions
What feature is crucial in identifying different land covers like crops, forests, and ploughed fields on aerial photographs?
Texture differences
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