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Questions and Answers
Which statement best summarizes Mendel's Law of Dominance?
Which statement best summarizes Mendel's Law of Dominance?
A genotype refers to the observable physical characteristics of an organism.
A genotype refers to the observable physical characteristics of an organism.
False
Who is credited with establishing the basic principles of heredity, and in what year was this publication made?
Who is credited with establishing the basic principles of heredity, and in what year was this publication made?
Gregor Johann Mendel, 1866
Mendel’s Law of __________ states that allele pairs segregate during gamete formation.
Mendel’s Law of __________ states that allele pairs segregate during gamete formation.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What is the term for the principle that states alleles for a trait segregate during gamete production?
What is the term for the principle that states alleles for a trait segregate during gamete production?
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What does a phenotype of 'yellow seeds' represent?
What does a phenotype of 'yellow seeds' represent?
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The Law of Independent Assortment states that alleles for different traits are passed on independently of one another.
The Law of Independent Assortment states that alleles for different traits are passed on independently of one another.
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Homozygous organisms have two different alleles for a given trait.
Homozygous organisms have two different alleles for a given trait.
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What does the Law of Segregation state?
What does the Law of Segregation state?
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What dominant trait is expressed in the offspring when crossing pure breeding green seeds (GG) with pure breeding yellow seeds (gg)?
What dominant trait is expressed in the offspring when crossing pure breeding green seeds (GG) with pure breeding yellow seeds (gg)?
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What is the genotype of a parent with one dominant allele and one recessive allele?
What is the genotype of a parent with one dominant allele and one recessive allele?
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A phenotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism.
A phenotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism.
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Mendel's Law of _____ states that alleles of different genes are distributed independently of each other.
Mendel's Law of _____ states that alleles of different genes are distributed independently of each other.
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What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous alleles?
What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous alleles?
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If a male parent has the genotype AaBb, how many different types of gametes can he produce?
If a male parent has the genotype AaBb, how many different types of gametes can he produce?
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The phenotype of an organism refers to its genetic makeup.
The phenotype of an organism refers to its genetic makeup.
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Gregor Mendel is known as the father of _____ for his discoveries in heredity.
Gregor Mendel is known as the father of _____ for his discoveries in heredity.
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Match the inheritance terms with their correct definitions:
Match the inheritance terms with their correct definitions:
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Which law explains the formation of gametes that segregate during fertilization?
Which law explains the formation of gametes that segregate during fertilization?
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Which of the following terms describes an organism with two different alleles for a trait?
Which of the following terms describes an organism with two different alleles for a trait?
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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The Law of Independent Assortment states that alleles for different traits are inherited independently of one another.
The Law of Independent Assortment states that alleles for different traits are inherited independently of one another.
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What is a gene?
What is a gene?
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Study Notes
Character vs. Trait
- Character refers to an observable and inheritable phenotypic attribute, like eye color, coat color, or fingernail shape.
- Trait refers to any detectable phenotypic variation of a particular inherited character, like variations in human eye color, mice coat color, and fingernail shape.
Genotype vs. Phenotype
- Genotype: The genetic makeup of an individual, represented by specific combinations of alleles.
- Phenotype: The observable characteristics determined by the genotype.
Gregor Mendel
- Austrian monk born in the Czech Republic in 1822.
- Studied botany and the scientific method at the University of Vienna.
- Conducted eight years of research on pure lines of peas.
- Challenged the prevailing understanding of heredity as a "blending" process, proposing three principles of inheritance.
- Published his findings in 1866 in “Experiments in Plant Hybridization".
Principles of Inheritance
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Mendel's Laws of Inheritance:
- Law of Dominance: When pure-breeding parents with contrasting traits cross, only one form of the trait appears in the next generation. The offspring will express the dominant trait even if heterozygous for the trait.
- Law of Segregation: During gamete production, alleles for each character separate, with each offspring inheriting one allele from each parent.
- Law of Independent Assortment: Alleles for different genes are distributed independently to sex cells and offspring, meaning traits are inherited independently of each other.
Genetics
- The branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms.
- Heredity: Transmission of traits from parents to offspring.
- Variation: Different forms of a trait.
Gene & Allele
- Gene: The physical unit of heredity that controls a specific trait. Occupies a specific locus on a chromosome.
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Allele: Different forms of a gene.
- Dominant Allele: Expressed when at least one allele is inherited (heterozygous condition). Represented by uppercase letters.
- Recessive Allele: Expressed only when both alleles are inherited (one from each parent). Represented by lowercase letters.
Genotype & Phenotype
- Genotype: The specific allelic constitution of one or a limited number of genes.
- Phenotype: Observable properties that are genetically controlled.
Homozygous & Heterozygous
- Homozygous Dominant: Genotype with two dominant alleles (e.g., RR).
- Heterozygous: Genotype with one dominant and one recessive allele (e.g., Rr).
Law of Segregation
- Alleles for each character separate during gamete production, ensuring each offspring receives one allele from each parent. This recombination of alleles during fertilization contributes to the variations observed in offspring.
Law of Independent Assortment
- Alleles for different genes are distributed independently to sex cells and offspring. This means that the inheritance of one trait does not influence the inheritance of another trait.
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Description
Explore the foundational concepts of genetics, focusing on the distinction between character and trait, as well as genotype and phenotype. Learn about Gregor Mendel's groundbreaking research and his three laws of inheritance that challenged existing beliefs about heredity. This quiz will enhance your understanding of genetic principles.
