Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main finding of the analysis of 86 different drugs and more than 5,000 articles?
What is the main finding of the analysis of 86 different drugs and more than 5,000 articles?
- The dosage given to participants greatly influenced the ADRs
- The pharmacokinetics can predict sex differences in adverse drug reactions (ADRs) (correct)
- There were no significant differences in ADRs between male and female participants
- Female participants had better ADRs than male participants
Which adverse drug reaction (ADR) was NOT mentioned in the text as being suffered more by female participants?
Which adverse drug reaction (ADR) was NOT mentioned in the text as being suffered more by female participants?
- Muscle pain (correct)
- Excessive weight gain
- Depression
- Nausea
What was the proportion of cases where female participants suffered worse ADRs than men?
What was the proportion of cases where female participants suffered worse ADRs than men?
- Around 70%
- More than 80%
- Less than 50%
- Exactly 90% (correct)
What is the focus of the study 'Sex differences in pharmacokinetics: drug reactions in women and male-dominated clinical trials'?
What is the focus of the study 'Sex differences in pharmacokinetics: drug reactions in women and male-dominated clinical trials'?
What is the email address of Dr. Fani Papagiannouli mentioned in the text?
What is the email address of Dr. Fani Papagiannouli mentioned in the text?
What was the location mentioned for Dr. Fani Papagiannouli?
What was the location mentioned for Dr. Fani Papagiannouli?
What is the primary goal of the NHS Genomic Medicine Service?
What is the primary goal of the NHS Genomic Medicine Service?
What is the purpose of the National Genomic Research Library?
What is the purpose of the National Genomic Research Library?
Why is public education essential in the context of genomics?
Why is public education essential in the context of genomics?
What is the role of genetic counseling according to the text?
What is the role of genetic counseling according to the text?
What does genomic equity refer to?
What does genomic equity refer to?
How are ethical issues surrounding gene therapy addressed in the text?
How are ethical issues surrounding gene therapy addressed in the text?
What is a successful approach to reduce gender bias in clinical practice according to the text?
What is a successful approach to reduce gender bias in clinical practice according to the text?
What potential ethical concern is raised by the use of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in the germline according to the text?
What potential ethical concern is raised by the use of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in the germline according to the text?
What is the significance of the UK's unified healthcare system mentioned in the text?
What is the significance of the UK's unified healthcare system mentioned in the text?
What opportunity does the National Genomic Research Library provide according to the text?
What opportunity does the National Genomic Research Library provide according to the text?
How can gender bias be reduced in clinical practice according to the text?
How can gender bias be reduced in clinical practice according to the text?
What percentage of clinical trials did not report any outcomes by sex, according to a 2011 review?
What percentage of clinical trials did not report any outcomes by sex, according to a 2011 review?
Which group is often underrepresented in research on HIV/AIDS, chronic kidney diseases, and cardiovascular diseases?
Which group is often underrepresented in research on HIV/AIDS, chronic kidney diseases, and cardiovascular diseases?
Why do researchers often use only male animals in pre-clinical animal studies?
Why do researchers often use only male animals in pre-clinical animal studies?
What biases exist in primary care with regard to risk scoring algorithms?
What biases exist in primary care with regard to risk scoring algorithms?
What are some ethical issues surrounding the Human Genome Project?
What are some ethical issues surrounding the Human Genome Project?
What is important in understanding the response to diet, infection, and different health conditions?
What is important in understanding the response to diet, infection, and different health conditions?
Which continent has the greatest human genomic variation?
Which continent has the greatest human genomic variation?
How many previously undescribed DNA variants were discovered from 426 African individuals in a study by the H3Africa consortium?
How many previously undescribed DNA variants were discovered from 426 African individuals in a study by the H3Africa consortium?
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Study Notes
- In studies involving drug trials, female participants have suffered worse adverse drug reactions (ADRs) than men in the majority of cases, despite receiving the same dosage. These ADRs include nausea, headaches, drowsiness, depression, excessive weight gain, cognitive deficits, seizures, hallucinations, agitation, and cardiac anomalies.
- A 2011 review of clinical trials revealed that 75% did not report any outcomes by sex, and 9 studies had less than 20% female participants. A cross-sectional study of over 43,000 published articles and over 13,000 clinical trials found that female participants were underrepresented, particularly in research on HIV/AIDS, chronic kidney diseases, and cardiovascular diseases.
- Researchers often use only male animals in pre-clinical animal studies, fearing the introduction of “unnecessary variability.”
- In primary care, biases against diverse gender populations exist. For example, risk scoring algorithms can be used to prioritize patients for transplantations, but these algorithms can disadvantage women due to inaccurate renal function measurements.
- Ethical issues surrounding the Human Genome Project include privacy and confidentiality, access to genetic information, and potential uses of genetic testing in employment and education.
- Genomic variation is important in understanding the response to diet, infection, and different health conditions. Diversity of reference genomic data is increasing, with Africa being the continent with the greatest human genomic variation.
- A study by the Human Heredity and Health in Africa (H3Africa) consortium discovered 3 million previously undescribed DNA variants from 426 African individuals, many of which are in genes linked to various conditions.
- In 2020, a Nature article revealed that 45 of 58 studies using data from the UK biobank excluded data from specific populations, with 31 of these studies giving no reason for these exclusions. Small datasets from non-European populations may contribute to less confidence in findings and lead to their exclusion from analysis.
- To address these issues and promote community engagement, genomic equity is essential. This includes studying diverse populations, addressing ethical concerns, and ensuring fairness and appropriateness in the use of genomic and genetic technologies.
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