18 Questions
During which phase of mitosis do the chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell?
Anaphase
What is the term for the structure that holds sister chromatids together during cell division?
Centromere
How many chromosomes would be present in a cell with 2n = 8 undergoing mitosis?
8
What is the process that divides the cytoplasm of a cell at the end of mitosis?
Cleavage furrow
Which stage of meiosis involves the physical exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes?
Pachytene
If a cell has 2n = 6, how many chromatids would be present in each chromosome during mitosis?
12
At which stage of meiosis does the separation of paternal and maternal chromosomes occur?
Anaphase I
In Pascal's Triangle, what does the binomial equation represent?
Number of chromosome pairs
According to the product rule of probability, what is the probability of two independent events occurring together?
The product of their probabilities
What is the formula for calculating the probability of two mutually exclusive events A or B occurring?
$P(A) + P(B)$
In meiosis, what does 2n = 4 represent?
Number of chromosome pairs in a germ cell
During which stage of meiosis do the chromosomes align at the center of the cell?
Metaphase I
What is the formula to calculate the probability of the union of 2 non-mutually exclusive events A and B?
P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)
In the context of probability, what does the Sum Rule state?
The probability of mutually exclusive events is the sum of their individual probabilities.
What is one key difference between meiosis and mitosis?
Meiosis results in haploid cells, while mitosis results in diploid cells.
Which process leads to the formation of somatic cells?
Mitosis
What is the significance of synapsis in meiosis?
It creates genetic variation by exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
If a cell has 2n = 4, how many sister chromatids would be present in Meiosis I?
8
Study Notes
Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
- Cells in the human body undergo cell division, which consists of two types: somatic cell division (mitosis) and reproductive cell division (meiosis).
Mitosis
- Mitosis is a type of cell division that produces two identical cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
- Stages of mitosis:
- Prophase: Chromatids, centromere, kinetochore, and mitotic spindle are formed.
- Metaphase: Metaphase plate is formed.
- Anaphase: Chromosomes separate, and cleavage furrow appears.
- Telophase: Nuclear envelope reforms, and cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm) occurs.
- Characteristics of mitosis:
- Produces two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
- No crossing over occurs in mitosis.
- Occurs in somatic cells.
Meiosis
- Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces haploid daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
- Stages of meiosis:
- Meiosis I (reductional): Diploid cell divides into two haploid daughter cells.
- Prophase I: Leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, and diakinesis stages occur.
- Metaphase I: Homologous chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.
- Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate.
- Telophase I: Nuclear envelope reforms.
- Meiosis II (equational): Haploid cell divides into two haploid daughter cells.
- Prophase II: Same as prophase I.
- Metaphase II: Sister chromatids align at the metaphase plate.
- Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate.
- Telophase II: Nuclear envelope reforms.
- Meiosis I (reductional): Diploid cell divides into two haploid daughter cells.
- Characteristics of meiosis:
- Produces four haploid daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
- Crossing over occurs in meiosis I.
- Occurs in reproductive cells (gametes).
Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis
- No crossing over occurs in mitosis, whereas crossing over occurs in meiosis I.
- Meiosis I has five stages (prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, and cytokinesis), whereas mitosis has only four stages.
- Meiosis produces haploid cells, whereas mitosis produces diploid cells.
- Meiosis occurs in reproductive cells, whereas mitosis occurs in somatic cells.
- Synapsis occurs in meiosis, but not in mitosis.
Probability in Meiosis
- Product Rule of Probability: The probability of joint events A and B is equal to the product of the individual probabilities for the two events.
- Sum Rule of Probability: The probability of two mutually exclusive events A and B is equal to the sum of the probability of each event.
Pascal's Triangle and Binomial Equation
- Pascal's Triangle is used to determine the number of chromosomes of different types of germ cells.
- Binomial Equation: 𝒑+𝒎 𝒏 = 𝒑𝟐 + 𝟐𝒑𝒎 + 𝒎𝟐, where p = paternal, m = maternal, and n = number of pairs of chromosomes.
Test your knowledge on chromosomes, cellular reproduction, cytogentics, the cell cycle, genetic significance of mitosis and meiosis, and cell growth and division. Explore concepts related to somatic cell division and germ cells.
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