Genetics Timeline: Key Discoveries and Techniques

The process of discovering the structure of DNA.

The set of rules converting genetic information into amino acid sequences.

The processes converting DNA information to proteins.

Making many identical copies of a gene.

A technique to amplify a specific DNA sequence.

Combining DNA from different sources to create new DNA.

Using technology to modify an organism's genes.

Determining the order of DNA bases in a genome.

A remarkable period of discovering fundamental principles of genetics (DNA structure, genetic code, transcription, and translation).

A period of experimental revolution in genetics with new methods (recombinant DNA).

An international effort to map and sequence the entire human genome.

A process of creating identical copies of a gene.

A circular DNA molecule used to carry a gene into a host cell.

A cell where the vector with the gene is duplicated.

A DNA molecule containing DNA from two or more sources.

A method for amplifying a selected DNA fragment in a test tube.

A laboratory technique used to amplify a specific DNA fragment.

Equipment that controls the temperature changes during PCR.

Small, circular DNA molecules that exist independently of the main bacterial chromosome and carry genes for specific traits, such as antibiotic resistance.

Genes that enable a bacterium to survive in the presence of antibiotics and often carried on plasmids.

A gene that allows researchers to identify and select cells containing a specific plasmid or genetic construct by enabling their growth where cells without them would die.

A specific DNA sequence on a plasmid that allows it to replicate independently of the host cell's chromosome.

The main genetic material of a bacterial cell, containing most of the genes essential for its survival.

The process by which plasmids make copies of themselves within the bacterial cell.

A kind of virus that infects bacteria, and injects its DNA into the bacterial cell

The process of a linear λ DNA molecule becoming circular in a bacterial cell after injection by a bacteriophage

A type of viral infection where a virus's DNA integrates into host's chromosome and the viral DNA is replicated alongside bacterial chromosome after cell division

Bacteriophage λ DNA integrating into bacterial DNA

The process where λ DNA excises itself from the bacterial chromosome leading to the production of new phages

Specific DNA sequences that allow linear DNA to circularize during phage infection.

Viruses that can be used to carry and replicate DNA fragments in other organisms, particularly useful for higher organisms because plasmids are less common.

The complete DNA content of an organism's cells, including chromosomal and extra-chromosomal DNA, obtained from cell cultures or various organisms.

Circular DNA found in bacteria and some yeast, separate from chromosomal DNA.

The DNA of a bacteriophage, a virus that infects bacteria, crucial if a phage cloning vector is used.

The process of isolating specific DNA types, such as total cell DNA, plasmid DNA, or bacteriophage DNA, from living cells.

M9 medium contains inorganic salts (phosphates, chloride, sulfate), nitrogen source (ammonium), magnesium, calcium, and glucose as a carbon source for bacterial growth.

LB (Luria-Bertani) medium is a complex medium with unknown precise chemical components; primarily contains tryptone, yeast extract, and salt.

A medium with ingredients of uncertain chemical composition; exact amounts and types of nutrients are not precisely known.

A medium with precisely known components and concentrations.

Tryptone, present in LB medium, supplies amino acids and small peptides for bacteria's needs.

Yeast extract, also in LB medium, provides essential nitrogen components, sugars, and organic nutrients.