DNA Replication and Transformation History Quiz

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Why did early scientists think protein was the cell's hereditary material?

DNA was not well understood at the time

Proteins were more complex than DNA (correct)

Proteins had more diverse functions

DNA was a simpler molecule

What did Griffith discover in his experiment with Pneumococcus bacteria?

The R strain bacteria became virulent after taking in DNA from the heat-killed S strain (correct)

The S strain bacteria became non-virulent after mixing with the R strain

The transformed bacteria did not inherit the ability to cause disease

The R strain bacteria could not cause disease in the transformed bacteria

What type of virus did Hershey and Chase use in their experiments to determine the genetic material?

T2 virus (correct)

T1 virus

T3 virus

Bacteriophage virus

What was the goal of Hershey and Chase's experiment with the T2 virus?

To determine if DNA or protein is the genetic material Signup and view all the answers

What was the key finding of Hershey and Chase's experiment that supported DNA as the genetic material?

The virus particles contained only DNA and no protein Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Griffith's experiment with Pneumococcus bacteria?

It showed that DNA can be transformed between bacterial strains Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

Couple tRNA anticodons with mRNA codons Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate composition of ribosomes?

40% rRNA and 60% proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the translation process?

Initiation Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the elongation stage of translation?

Peptide bonds are formed between the amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the final product of protein synthesis?

A sequence of amino acids bonded by peptide bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of initiation factors in the translation process?

They bring in the large ribosomal subunit to complete the initiation complex Signup and view all the answers

What is the rate of DNA elongation in human cells?

50 nucleotides per second Signup and view all the answers

Which strand of DNA is synthesized discontinuously?

Lagging strand Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme joins the Okazaki fragments together?

DNA ligase Signup and view all the answers

What is the error rate for DNA after proofreading?

1 in 1 billion base pairing errors Signup and view all the answers

According to the semiconservative model of replication, what does the new DNA consist of?

One parental and one new strand Signup and view all the answers

What process is responsible for repairing damaged DNA in cells?

Excision repair Signup and view all the answers

What is Chargaff's rule regarding the pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA?

Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Guanine pairs with Cytosine Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Rosalind Franklin's X-ray diffraction photographs in the discovery of DNA structure?

They provided evidence that DNA was a double helix Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the structure of DNA is correct?

The sides of the double helix are made of deoxyribose sugars and phosphodiester bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of DNA that gives it a right-hand twist in most cases?

The presence of 10 base pairs in a complete turn Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between purines and pyrimidines in DNA?

Purines have a double ring structure, while pyrimidines have a single ring structure Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the antiparallel nature of the two DNA strands?

It allows for the easy separation of the two strands during replication Signup and view all the answers

How many essential amino acids are there?

12 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?

To carry genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

To transfer amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of transcription?

The copying of genetic information from DNA to mRNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the enzyme RNA polymerase in transcription?

To copy the genetic information from DNA to mRNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

To serve as the site where mRNA is decoded and proteins are assembled Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the structure of DNA and RNA?

DNA has a sugar deoxyribose, while RNA has a sugar ribose Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the start codon AUG in mRNA?

To code for the amino acid methionine and initiate translation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of introns in the process of mRNA processing?

To be removed from the mRNA transcript before it leaves the nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the anticodon in transfer RNA (tRNA)?

To bind to the complementary codon on mRNA and deliver the correct amino acid Signup and view all the answers