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Questions and Answers
An autosome is a sex chromosome.
An autosome is a sex chromosome.
False
Sister chromatids are identical copies of a chromosome created during DNA replication.
Sister chromatids are identical copies of a chromosome created during DNA replication.
True
Centromeres assist with cell division during mitosis and meiosis, and spindle fibers attach to them.
Centromeres assist with cell division during mitosis and meiosis, and spindle fibers attach to them.
True
Homologous chromosomes are a set of maternal and parental chromosomes with different genes.
Homologous chromosomes are a set of maternal and parental chromosomes with different genes.
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DNA is composed of chains made of nucleotides, and nucleotides are made up of a nitrogen base, a sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group.
DNA is composed of chains made of nucleotides, and nucleotides are made up of a nitrogen base, a sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group.
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Genes are made up of sequences of RNA arranged on specific parts of a chromosome.
Genes are made up of sequences of RNA arranged on specific parts of a chromosome.
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Human gametes are diploid and have 46 chromosomes.
Human gametes are diploid and have 46 chromosomes.
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Translocation is when part of the chromosome is missing.
Translocation is when part of the chromosome is missing.
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Turner syndrome is caused by trisomy.
Turner syndrome is caused by trisomy.
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Mitosis results in the creation of gametes.
Mitosis results in the creation of gametes.
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During prophase of mitosis, chromosomes condense and align along the cell's equator.
During prophase of mitosis, chromosomes condense and align along the cell's equator.
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In anaphase of mitosis, spindle fibers pull the chromosomes in two, creating two identical daughter chromosomes.
In anaphase of mitosis, spindle fibers pull the chromosomes in two, creating two identical daughter chromosomes.
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Meiosis results in a reduction in the number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid.
Meiosis results in a reduction in the number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid.
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During metaphase 1 of meiosis, individual chromosomes line up on the equator.
During metaphase 1 of meiosis, individual chromosomes line up on the equator.
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Crossing over occurs during prophase 2 of meiosis.
Crossing over occurs during prophase 2 of meiosis.
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Meiosis 2 resembles mitosis, with the separation of sister chromatids during anaphase 2.
Meiosis 2 resembles mitosis, with the separation of sister chromatids during anaphase 2.
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Study Notes
Genetics Terminology
- Chromosome: A structure of protein and DNA, holding genetic information, located in the nucleus.
- Autosome: Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.
- Sex Chromosome: A chromosome that determines sex.
- Sister Chromatid: An identical copy of a chromosome, made during DNA replication.
- Centromere: A part of the chromosome, crucial for cell division (mitosis and meiosis), where spindle fibers attach.
- Homologous Chromosomes: Pairs of maternal and paternal chromosomes with the same genes, pairing up during fertilization.
- DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, a double helix structure carrying genetic information. Made of nucleotides (nitrogenous bases, deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate group). Covalent bonds hold the chains together.
Genes and Cell Types
- Genes: The basic unit of inheritance, sequences of DNA on chromosomes.
- Diploid: A cell with two complete sets of chromosomes (e.g., human body cells have 46 chromosomes).
- Haploid: A cell with one set of chromosomes (e.g., gametes - sperm and egg - have 23 chromosomes in humans).
- Gamete: A sex cell (sperm or egg).
- Somatic cell: Any cell in the body except for the sex cells.
- Nucleus: The cell structure that contains the chromosomes, often called the "brain" of the cell.
Chromosomal Mutations
- Chromosomal Mutations: Defects in chromosome structure or number.
- Numerical mutations: Extra or missing chromosomes (e.g., trisomy, monosomy).
- Structural mutations: Changes in chromosome structure (e.g., deletion, amplification, inversion, translocation).
Cell Division (Mitosis and Meiosis)
- Mitosis: Cell division that creates two identical somatic cells. Four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
- Meiosis: Cell division that creates gametes. Two parts (Meiosis I and Meiosis II) reducing the chromosome number from diploid to haploid.
Mendelian Genetics
- Mendelian Genetics: Studying how traits are passed from parents to offspring, based on Mendel's experiments with pea plants.
- Incomplete Dominance: When two alleles create a new phenotype (e.g., red + white = pink).
- Multiple Alleles: When a gene has more than two possible alleles.
- Codominance: When two different alleles are both expressed (e.g., red + white = red and white).
- Sex-linked traits: Traits located on sex chromosomes (e.g., hemophilia, color blindness).
Punnett Squares
- Punnett Squares: A grid diagram used to predict the possible genotypes and frequencies of offspring from a particular genetic cross.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key genetics terminology, including definitions related to chromosomes, genes, and cell types. This quiz will challenge your understanding of crucial concepts in genetics. Perfect for students and biology enthusiasts alike.
