Genetics Quiz on CRISPR and Restriction Enzymes
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Questions and Answers

Which statement about chromosome duplications is TRUE?

  • Chromosome duplications usually lead to a visible phenotype change.
  • Chromosome mutations in somatic cells are always passed to the offspring.
  • Gaining an extra sex chromosome is typically lethal.
  • Duplication of chromosome segments can result in the formation of pseudogenes. (correct)
  • Which of the following accurately describes single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)?

  • Any two unrelated humans differ at many SNPs. (correct)
  • A haplotype consists of SNPs with only one allele present.
  • Most SNPs exhibit more than two alleles.
  • SNPs are evenly distributed every 100 base pairs in the genome.
  • What type of chromosome mutation results in a decrease of genetic material by one copy from each of two non-homologous chromosomes?

  • Double monosomy (correct)
  • Polysomy
  • Monosomy
  • Haploidy
  • Which statement about quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is INCORRECT?

    <p>The lag phase is the period immediately after amplification starts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an effect of chromosome duplications?

    <p>They can lead to the formation of non-functional genes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the acquisition stage of the original prokaryotic CRISPR-Cas system is true?

    <p>Foreign viral DNA becomes incorporated as a repeat in the CRISPR locus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes the recognition sequence for EcoRI?

    <p>The recognition sequence is 5’G*AATTC3’ with cleavage at the indicated position. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about gene duplication and neofunctionalization is accurate?

    <p>Neofunctionalization is a consequence of gene replication leading to distinct functions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a correct statement regarding next-generation sequencing techniques like Illumina?

    <p>It relies on fluorescently labeled reversibly cleavable terminators during DNA synthesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option accurately describes reverse transcriptase's role in cDNA synthesis?

    <p>It forms a phosphodiester bond between nucleotides during elongation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about polyploidy is incorrect?

    <p>Triploids consistently produce viable gametes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding the causes of Down syndrome is false?

    <p>The majority of cases arise from nondisjunction in the father. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a correct statement about chromosomal mutations?

    <p>Chromosomal mutations can lead to gene duplications and unbalanced gene expression. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chromosome duplications likely have a significant impact on phenotype due to the gain of extra genetic material.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) commonly occur every hundred thousand base pairs in the human genome.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monosomy describes a condition where only one copy of a single chromosome is present in an organism's cells.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The linear phase of qPCR cannot be used to infer template abundance because it is not stable over time.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A dye that fluoresces less strongly when bound to double-stranded DNA is effective in tracking the growth of PCR product in qPCR.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the acquisition stage of the original prokaryotic CRISPR-Cas system, foreign viral DNA becomes incorporated as a repeat in the CRISPR locus.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sequence 5’CTGCAG3’ can be recognized by the restriction endonuclease EcoII.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The recognition sequence for EcoRI includes the cleave site indicated by an asterisk.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neofunctionalization cannot occur following a gene duplication event.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Next-generation sequencing techniques, such as Illumina, utilize reversible terminators during DNA synthesis.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During cDNA synthesis, reverse transcriptase initiates DNA synthesis without needing a primer.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polyploidy is a phenomenon that occurs both in plants and animals.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common cause of Down syndrome is a translocation of chromosome 21 that is inherited.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    CRISPR-Cas acquisition stage

    Foreign viral DNA is incorporated as a repeat into the CRISPR locus during the CRISPR-Cas system's acquisition stage.

    Restriction endonuclease recognition sequence

    A specific DNA sequence where a restriction enzyme cuts the DNA.

    EcoRI recognition sequence

    5’G*AATTC3’ (where * indicates the cleavage site).

    Neofunctionalization

    A duplicated gene acquires a new function after duplication.

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    Next-generation sequencing (Illumina)

    DNA sequencing method using DNA synthesis with fluorescently labeled non-reversible terminators.

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    cDNA synthesis, reverse transcriptase

    First makes a DNA sequence complementary to the RNA template, then replaces the original RNA strand with a DNA strand.

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    Polyploidy in plants

    A significant factor in plant speciation, often through mitotic nondisjunction.

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    Down Syndrome, INCORRECT statement

    The incorrect statement is that older women are less likely to have a child with Down syndrome.

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    Effect of chromosome duplication on phenotype

    Chromosome duplications usually don't change observable traits (phenotype) because no genetic material is lost.

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    Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

    Variations in a single DNA base pair in a genome, occurring roughly every million base pairs.

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    Chromosome mutation reducing genetic material

    A double monosomy mutation reduces genetic material by removing one copy of each of two non-homologous chromosomes.

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    Quantitative PCR (qPCR) principle

    qPCR measures the amount of DNA by counting cycles to first detection of amplified product (Cq).

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    Incorrect qPCR statement

    The linear phase of qPCR cannot be used to deduce the template amount.

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    Effect of chromosome duplication

    Chromosome duplication usually has no effect on phenotype because no genetic material is lost. This means the organism still has all the necessary genes, just with additional copies.

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    SNPs and human differences

    Any two unrelated humans will usually differ at several thousand single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). These small variations in DNA sequences contribute to the genetic diversity among humans.

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    Double monosomy

    Double monosomy is a chromosome mutation that reduces the amount of genetic material by one copy of each of two non-homologous chromosomes. This means the organism has one less copy of each of these specific chromosomes.

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    What does Cq tell us in qPCR?

    The number of cycles at which the PCR product first becomes detectable (Cq) in quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) provides a measure of template abundance. A lower Cq value indicates a higher initial concentration of the targeted DNA sequence.

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    Linear phase in qPCR

    Although the ‘linear phase’ of a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) reaction does show a linear relationship between template abundance and signal, it is not used to infer template abundance. The exponential phase is used for this purpose.

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    What is the linear phase in qPCR used for?

    The ‘linear phase’ of a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) reaction is when the amount of amplicon is directly proportional to the amount of template. This phase is used to determine the initial amount of template DNA present in the sample.

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    Illumina sequencing

    A Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) technique that uses fluorescently labeled, non-reversible terminators to determine DNA sequences.

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    Reverse transcriptase during cDNA synthesis

    Reverse transcriptase first creates a DNA copy of an RNA template, then replaces the original RNA with a DNA strand.

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    Polyploidy: How does it affect plant speciation?

    Polyploidy, having more than two sets of chromosomes, can significantly contribute to the formation of new plant species.

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    Down syndrome: What's NOT true about chromosomal abnormalities?

    While older women are statistically more likely to have children with Down syndrome, it is not completely incorrect to say that they are less likely.

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    Chromosomal mutations: What's TRUE about translocations?

    Reciprocal translocations involve exchange of segments between non-homologous chromosomes, this leads to unbalanced gene dosage (too much or too little of a gene in a cell).

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    Study Notes

    CRISPR-CAS System

    • In the acquisition stage of the original prokaryotic CRISPR-CAS system, foreign viral DNA is incorporated as a repeat in the CRISPR locus.
    • This statement is TRUE.

    Restriction Endonuclease Recognition

    • Could 5'CTGCAG3' be the recognition sequence for a restriction endonuclease?
    • This statement's answer is FALSE.

    EcoRI Restriction Enzyme

    • The recognition sequence for the Type II restriction endonuclease EcoRI is 5'G*AATTC3'.
      • The * indicates the location where the DNA sequence is cleaved by the enzyme.
    • The following DNA sequence is an example of a sequence cut by the enzyme:
      • 5′...G3′
      • 3'...СТТАA5′
    • This statement is TRUE.

    Neofunctionalization

    • Neofunctionalization can occur following a gene duplication event.
    • This statement is TRUE.

    Next-Generation Sequencing

    • Next-generation sequencing, like Illumina, determines DNA sequences by DNA synthesis involving fluorescently labeled non-reversible terminators.
    • This statement is TRUE.

    Reverse Transcriptase in cDNA Synthesis

    • During cDNA synthesis, reverse transcriptase performs specific actions.

      • It catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between the 5'-OH and the 3'-phosphate on adjacent nucleotides in the growing DNA polymer. This is the correct function of reverse transcriptase.
      • It does not synthesize a new DNA strand based directly on amino acid sequences.
      • It does not initiate DNA synthesis independently of a primer.
      • It creates a DNA copy of the RNA template and then replaces the RNA strand with a DNA version.
    • The correct answer is A

    Polyploidy

    • Polyploidy is a common phenomenon in plant species, but also occurs in animal species.
    • Hybrids of two species with the same number of chromosomes as their parents are fertile because the hybrids have the exact same number of chromosomes as their parent species.
    • Mitotic nondisjunction in somatic cells can lead to the production of a polyploid organism.
    • Polyploidy plays a major role in plant speciation
    • Triploids can be fertile, but not always because they don't always produce balanced gametes.

    Down Syndrome

    • Down syndrome can be caused by chromosomal translocations.
      • Down syndrome can be caused by aneuploidy. (an incorrect number of chromosomes)
    • The most typical cause of Down syndrome is a translocation of chromosome 21 that passes within families.
    • Older women are more inclined to give birth to children with Down syndrome.
      • The majority of Down syndrome occurrences stem from a nondisjunction event in the mother.
    • The incorrect statement is C.

    Chromosomal Mutations

    • Reciprocal translocation produces an unbalanced gene dosage.

    • Chromosome duplications typically have no effect on the phenotype as long as no genetic material is lost.

    • The gain of an extra sex chromosome is generally fatal.

    • Chromosome mutations arising in germline cells (sperm or egg-producing cells) will be passed on to the next generation.

    • Duplication of chromosome segments can result in pseudogenes, which are non-functional copies of genes.

    • The correct statement is E

    Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

    • Any two unrelated humans typically differ at several thousand SNPs.

    • SNPs occur approximately every million base pairs.

    • While SNPs may theoretically have more than two alleles, most SNPs only have two.

    • Haplotypes are combinations of SNPs where only one copy of an allele for each SNP is present.

    • The correct statement is C

    Chromosome Mutation - Monosomy

    • Monosomy is a type of chromosomal mutation where an organism loses one copy of each of two non-homologous chromosomes.

    Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR)

    • The number of cycles required for the PCR product to become detectable (Cq) provides a method for determining template abundance.

    • The linear phase of the reaction can be used to estimate template abundance.

    • A double-stranded DNA-binding dye that fluoresces can be utilized to monitor PCR product amplification.

    • The lag phase in qPCR refers to the time before any amplification occurs.

    • The incorrect statement is B.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of key concepts in genetics including the CRISPR-CAS system, restriction endonucleases, and next-generation sequencing. This quiz will challenge your knowledge on the mechanisms of gene manipulation and the functions of various enzymes involved in DNA processing.

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