Questions and Answers
What type of traits require two copies of the recessive allele to be expressed?
What is the process by which the information encoded in an organism's DNA is converted into a functional product?
What is influenced by the interaction between an organism's genome and the environment?
What is an example of a physical characteristic of an organism?
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What is the process that converts DNA to RNA?
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What can influence the expression of a trait?
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Study Notes
Phenotype
Genetic Expression
- The phenotype is the physical and behavioral expression of an organism's genotype (genetic makeup)
- It results from the interaction between the genome and the environment
- Genetic expression is the process by which the information encoded in an organism's DNA is converted into a functional product, such as a protein
- This process involves transcription (conversion of DNA to RNA) and translation (conversion of RNA to protein)
Physical Characteristics
- The phenotype includes all physical characteristics of an organism, such as:
- Morphology (shape and structure)
- Anatomy (internal organization)
- Physiology (functions and processes)
- Examples of physical characteristics:
- Height, weight, eye color, skin color, etc.
- Shape and size of organs, limbs, and other body parts
- Ability to move, respond to stimuli, and perform various functions
Trait Inheritance
- The phenotype is influenced by the genotype, which is determined by the genetic information inherited from parents
- Traits are inherited in a predictable manner, according to the laws of Mendelian inheritance:
- Autosomal dominant traits: one copy of the dominant allele is enough to express the trait
- Autosomal recessive traits: two copies of the recessive allele are needed to express the trait
- X-linked traits: traits influenced by genes on the X chromosome
- The expression of a trait can be influenced by environmental factors, such as:
- Nutrition
- Climate
- Disease
- Exposure to toxins
Phenotype
Genetic Expression
- Genetic expression is the process by which genetic info in DNA is converted into a functional product, such as a protein
- This process involves two stages: transcription (DNA to RNA) and translation (RNA to protein)
- Phenotype results from the interaction between the genome and the environment
- Genotype (genetic makeup) determines the phenotype
Physical Characteristics
Morphology and Anatomy
- Morphology refers to the shape and structure of an organism
- Anatomy refers to the internal organization of an organism
- Examples of physical characteristics include:
- Height
- Weight
- Eye color
- Skin color
- Shape and size of organs
- Shape and size of limbs and other body parts
Physiology
- Physiology refers to the functions and processes of an organism
- Examples of physiological characteristics include:
- Ability to move
- Ability to respond to stimuli
- Ability to perform various functions
Trait Inheritance
Laws of Inheritance
- Traits are inherited in a predictable manner, according to the laws of Mendelian inheritance
- Autosomal dominant traits:
- One copy of the dominant allele is enough to express the trait
- Autosomal recessive traits:
- Two copies of the recessive allele are needed to express the trait
- X-linked traits:
- Traits influenced by genes on the X chromosome
Environmental Influences
- Environmental factors can influence the expression of a trait, including:
- Nutrition
- Climate
- Disease
- Exposure to toxins
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Description
Explore the relationship between an organism's genotype and its physical and behavioral traits, including genetic expression and the processes of transcription and translation.