29 Questions
What is the result of a chemical transformation caused by a mutagen, such as HNO2, on the DNA molecule?
Conversion of cytosine to uracil or adenine to hypoxanthine
What type of agents can cause mutations by adding an alkyl group to DNA, resulting in positively charged carbonium ions?
Alkylating agents
What is the primary mechanism of action of mutagens that incorporate abnormal base analogs, such as 5-bromouracil and 2-aminopurine?
Replacing normal bases in DNA
What is the term for the permanent alteration in the genetic information of a cell?
Mutation
Which of the following is NOT a type of mutagen?
Antibiotics
What is the result of the action of a teratogen on a developing fetus?
Birth defect
What is the primary means of transmission of toxoplasmosis to pregnant women?
Feces of domestic cats and birds
What is the primary cause of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?
Prenatal exposure to alcohol
What is the primary consequence of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus during pregnancy?
Teratogenicity and toxemia of pregnancy
What is the primary effect of a vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy?
Bone and teeth malformation
Which of the following drugs is considered highly teratogenic?
All of the above
What is the primary mechanism of action of alkylating agents, such as cyclophosphamide, as teratogens?
Interference with nucleic acids
During which stage of development is the fetus most susceptible to teratogens that produce major morphological changes?
Embryonic stage
What is the main effect of thalidomide's active metabolites on the fetus?
Interference with nucleic acids
Which of the following is a mechanism of action of teratogens that involves the inhibition of enzymes?
Inhibition of enzymes, such as dihydrofoleate reductase
What is the primary effect of CO toxicity on the fetus?
Decrease in both O2 delivery and osmotic pressure to the fetus
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of action of teratogens?
Enhancement of immune responses
What is the primary mechanism by which carbon monoxide contributes to adverse fetal outcomes?
Binding to hemoglobin, decreasing oxygen supply to the fetus
What is the term for the condition caused by mercury exposure, characterized by malformations and mental retardation in babies?
Minamata syndrome
Which of the following viral infections is associated with the highest risk of congenital anomalies and deafness?
German measles (Rubella)
What is the primary effect of vinyl chloride on fetal development?
Damages sperm, leading to malformations
Which of the following bacterial infections is associated with the highest risk of hydrocephalus and mental retardation?
Syphilis
What is the primary effect of lead exposure on fetal development?
Increases the risk of miscarriage and stillbirth
What is the effect of androgens and progesterone on the fetus?
Musculization of fetus
What is the risk of poor neonatal adaptation (PNA) syndrome in newborns exposed to SSRIs in late pregnancy?
10% to 30%
What is the serious condition caused by persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN)?
Mortality ranging from 5% to 10%
What is the effect of diethylstilbestrol (DES) on the fetus if pregnant mother took it during the 1st trimester?
Adenocarcinoma of vagina in girls
What are the effects of ACE inhibitors and Angiotensin-II receptor Antagonists on the fetus?
Oligohydramnios, renal tubular dysgenesis, and others
What is the effect of estrogens on the male fetus?
Feminization of male fetus
Learn about the effects of mutagens and teratogens on genetic information, including types of teratogens and mechanisms of action. Understand the differences between mutagenicity and teratogenicity.
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