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Questions and Answers
In a scenario where a heterozygous individual (Aa) mates with another heterozygous individual (Aa) for a single trait, what is the probability of their offspring exhibiting the recessive phenotype?
In a scenario where a heterozygous individual (Aa) mates with another heterozygous individual (Aa) for a single trait, what is the probability of their offspring exhibiting the recessive phenotype?
- 75%
- 100%
- 25% (correct)
- 50%
A researcher is studying a new genetic mutation in Zebrafish that affects fin development. They observe that crossing a fish heterozygous for the mutation with a wild-type fish results in approximately 50% of the offspring displaying the mutant fin phenotype. Which inheritance pattern is MOST likely at play?
A researcher is studying a new genetic mutation in Zebrafish that affects fin development. They observe that crossing a fish heterozygous for the mutation with a wild-type fish results in approximately 50% of the offspring displaying the mutant fin phenotype. Which inheritance pattern is MOST likely at play?
- Incomplete dominance
- X-linked recessive
- Autosomal dominant (correct)
- Autosomal recessive
A scientist aims to investigate the effect of a specific gene on heart development, leveraging the advantages of Zebrafish as a model organism. Which characteristic of Zebrafish MOST directly facilitates real-time observation of heart development?
A scientist aims to investigate the effect of a specific gene on heart development, leveraging the advantages of Zebrafish as a model organism. Which characteristic of Zebrafish MOST directly facilitates real-time observation of heart development?
- Zebrafish have a short generation time, allowing for rapid genetic studies.
- Zebrafish can regenerate damaged heart tissue, offering insights into regenerative medicine.
- Zebrafish are vertebrates, sharing significant genetic homology with humans.
- Zebrafish embryos are transparent, permitting direct visualization of internal organ development. (correct)
During Zebrafish embryonic development, which process involves the movement of cells from the outer layer of the blastula to surround the yolk sac, establishing the germ layers?
During Zebrafish embryonic development, which process involves the movement of cells from the outer layer of the blastula to surround the yolk sac, establishing the germ layers?
In a BioEyes experiment, students observe that a higher proportion of Zebrafish offspring exhibit a particular trait compared to the other. While tentatively concluding that this trait is 'dominant', what crucial refinement could significantly strengthen the experimental design and validity of this conclusion?
In a BioEyes experiment, students observe that a higher proportion of Zebrafish offspring exhibit a particular trait compared to the other. While tentatively concluding that this trait is 'dominant', what crucial refinement could significantly strengthen the experimental design and validity of this conclusion?
Flashcards
Genotype
Genotype
The genetic makeup of an organism.
Phenotype
Phenotype
The physical expression of a trait (e.g., eye color).
Dominant Alleles
Dominant Alleles
Alleles that mask the expression of other alleles. Show their trait when one or two copies are present.
Recessive Alleles
Recessive Alleles
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Punnett Square
Punnett Square
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Study Notes
- Simple inheritance/genetics involves traits passed down from parents to offspring through genes.
Dominant vs. Recessive Alleles
- Dominant alleles express their trait even when paired with a recessive allele.
- Recessive alleles only express their trait when paired with another recessive allele.
Phenotype vs. Genotype
- Phenotype is the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype and the environment.
- Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism, describing the combination of alleles it possesses.
Dominant and Recessive Traits
- A dominant trait in humans includes brown eyes.
- A recessive trait in humans includes blue eyes.
Constructing and Interpreting a Punnett Square
- A Punnett Square is a diagram used to predict the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross.
- Punnett Squares predict the probability of offspring inheriting specific genotypes and phenotypes.
- Genotypic ratio refers to the proportion of different genotypes among offspring (e.g., AA, Aa, aa).
- Phenotypic ratio refers to the proportion of different physical traits among offspring (e.g., brown eyes, blue eyes).
Zebrafish Phenotype
- A zebrafish phenotype is characterized by horizontal stripes along its body.
Zebrafish as a Model Organism
- Zebrafish serve as model organisms as they share genetic similarities with humans.
- Zebrafish are transparent during early development, allowing direct observation of internal processes.
- Zebrafish have rapid development and high fecundity, making them ideal for studying genetics, developmental biology, and disease.
Embryo
- An embryo is an early stage of development of a multicellular organism.
Developmental Biology
- Developmental Biology is the study of the processes by which organisms grow and develop.
Zebrafish Embryonic Development
- Cleavage is the rapid cell division without overall growth, forming a ball of cells called a blastula.
- Epiboly is the thinning and spreading of cells over the yolk, establishing the three germ layers.
- Segmentation is the formation of distinct body segments, laying the foundation for organs and tissues.
Stem Cells
- Stem cells are undifferentiated cells capable of differentiating into various cell types.
Embryonic vs. Adult Stem Cells
- Embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst and are pluripotent.
- Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any cell type in the body.
- Adult stem cells are tissue-specific and have a more limited differentiation potential.
- Adult stem cells maintain and repair the tissues in which they reside.
Zebrafish Traits
- The adult zebrafish phenotypes dictate which traits appear dominant based on the proportion of phenotypes in the offspring.
BioEyes Experimental Design
- Errors in experimental design may include small sample sizes, lack of controls, or environmental factors.
- Improvements to experimental design may include increasing sample size, controlling environmental variables, and including replicates.
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