Genetics Chapters 14-16 Quiz

Chapters 14, 15, & 16: Mendelian and Molecular Genetics

• Define "gene locus" and relate it to homologous pairs. Diploid organisms have two copies of each gene locus, which separate during meiosis.
• Understand true-breeding, heterozygous, and homozygous organisms.
• Describe how the laws of independent assortment and segregation relate to allele separation during gamete formation (meiosis).
• Define genotype and phenotype, and how modes of inheritance connect them.
• Recognize and describe various inheritance modes: simple dominant-recessive, incomplete/partial dominance, polygenic traits (additive genes), codominance, and X-linked inheritance. Identify which modes involve dose-dependent systems and map genotypes to unique phenotypes.
• Relate dominant-recessive inheritance to allele functionality. Expand this to understand incomplete dominance.
• Explain genetic linkage, its effect on gamete production, and its relationship to crossing over and recombination frequency.
• Calculate recombination frequency from examples.
• Solve Mendelian genetics problems.

Molecular Genetics

• Describe the structure of a DNA molecule using nucleotides.
• Describe the components of a DNA nucleotide (uniform and variable parts).
• Describe the phosphodiester backbone and how hydrogen bonds form the double-stranded DNA molecule.

Chapter 17: Gene Expression

• Describe the Central Dogma and the biological molecules it involves (RNA polymerase II, transcription factors, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, ribosomes).
• Understand the relationship between DNA template strand, coding strand, mRNA, and tRNA. Convert between these representations.
• Understand the triplet code of mRNA codons. Use a reference to translate mRNA to amino acids.
• Differentiate between point and insertion/deletion mutations and categorize them according to their effect on amino acid sequences (e.g., silent, missense, nonsense, frameshift).
• Compare DNA and RNA nucleotides.
• List three key differences between DNA and RNA.
• Detail the steps of transcription, including the processes of promoters, consensus sequences, and transcription factors, and the roles of intron and exon splicing.
• Explain how the limited number of human genes compared to proteins is explained by splicing.

Chapter 47: Development and Germ Layers

• Recognize various reproductive methods (asexual and sexual).
• Describe processes that increase genetic variation in sexual reproduction.
• Outline sea urchin fertilization steps, focusing on unique mammalian processes.
• Explain cleavage division in relation to blastula formation, and the different processes in diploblast and triploblast gastrulation.
• Compare germ layers and describe their formation in diploblast and triploblast organisms.
• Identify the germ layers that become adult structures in humans.
• Define organogenesis, induction, cell migration, determination, and differentiation.
• Describe extraembryonic membranes in humans and reptiles.
• Describe the components of the blastocyst, inner cell mass, trophoblast, epiblast, hypoblast, extraembryonic membranes, and the placenta. Note that full memorization of the details of the table is not required but an understanding of their origins and resulting components is needed.

Test your knowledge on Mendelian and molecular genetics with this quiz covering key concepts from chapters 14 to 16. Topics include gene loci, inheritance modes, and genetic linkage. Explore how these principles relate to genotype and phenotype and the processes of meiosis.