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Questions and Answers
What is the genotype of a typical female human?
What is the genotype of a typical female human?
- XX (correct)
- YY
- XY
- Xy
Which parent determines the sex of the offspring?
Which parent determines the sex of the offspring?
- The mother only
- The father only (correct)
- Both parents equally
- It is random
Which characteristic is true about X-linked traits?
Which characteristic is true about X-linked traits?
- They are more commonly expressed in females.
- They can appear in both males and females. (correct)
- Only males can be carriers.
- They can only appear in females.
What happens to one of the X chromosomes in females?
What happens to one of the X chromosomes in females?
Which of the following describes a Y-linked trait?
Which of the following describes a Y-linked trait?
What genetic combination represents a male fruit fly?
What genetic combination represents a male fruit fly?
How many sex chromosomes do humans have in total?
How many sex chromosomes do humans have in total?
What is a characteristic of hemizygous genes?
What is a characteristic of hemizygous genes?
Based on Charlie Chaplin's blood type (AB) and the mother's blood type (A), what are the possible blood types of their child?
Based on Charlie Chaplin's blood type (AB) and the mother's blood type (A), what are the possible blood types of their child?
What is the reason for immunizing Rh-negative mothers after their first pregnancy?
What is the reason for immunizing Rh-negative mothers after their first pregnancy?
In mallard ducks, what is the dominant allele that determines plumage pattern?
In mallard ducks, what is the dominant allele that determines plumage pattern?
What genotypes could the offspring from a restricted (MR) and dusky (md) duck cross exhibit?
What genotypes could the offspring from a restricted (MR) and dusky (md) duck cross exhibit?
Which coat color is the most dominant in rabbits?
Which coat color is the most dominant in rabbits?
If a full color rabbit with the genotype Ccch is bred with a Himalayan rabbit with genotype chc, what types of offspring can be produced?
If a full color rabbit with the genotype Ccch is bred with a Himalayan rabbit with genotype chc, what types of offspring can be produced?
Why did the judge rule in favor of the mother regarding child support?
Why did the judge rule in favor of the mother regarding child support?
What is the expected phenotype ratio from a cross of a mallard and dusky duck?
What is the expected phenotype ratio from a cross of a mallard and dusky duck?
What phenotypic ratio is seen in the offspring of a cross between two tabby cats?
What phenotypic ratio is seen in the offspring of a cross between two tabby cats?
Which of the following represents the genotype for a roan shorthorn cow?
Which of the following represents the genotype for a roan shorthorn cow?
Which of the following statements about codominance is true?
Which of the following statements about codominance is true?
What are the alleles responsible for blood types A and B?
What are the alleles responsible for blood types A and B?
What would be the parental genotypes of two cats that produced 36 tabbies and 40 black cats?
What would be the parental genotypes of two cats that produced 36 tabbies and 40 black cats?
Which of the following exemplifies codominance?
Which of the following exemplifies codominance?
What does multiple alleles mean in the context of blood typing?
What does multiple alleles mean in the context of blood typing?
Which notation is used to denote the alleles for the coat color of a shorthorn cow?
Which notation is used to denote the alleles for the coat color of a shorthorn cow?
What phenotype is expected for a rabbit with the genotype c h cch?
What phenotype is expected for a rabbit with the genotype c h cch?
What would be the possible offspring colors if a white rabbit is mated with a chinchilla rabbit?
What would be the possible offspring colors if a white rabbit is mated with a chinchilla rabbit?
Which of the following alleles is known as a lethal gene when present in homozygous condition?
Which of the following alleles is known as a lethal gene when present in homozygous condition?
What is the expected phenotypic ratio from a cross between two yellow mice Yy x Yy when considering the lethal YY genotype?
What is the expected phenotypic ratio from a cross between two yellow mice Yy x Yy when considering the lethal YY genotype?
In the context of lethality, which of the following conditions describes Huntington's disease?
In the context of lethality, which of the following conditions describes Huntington's disease?
If a chinchilla rabbit produces some white offspring, what can be inferred about the genotypes of the parents?
If a chinchilla rabbit produces some white offspring, what can be inferred about the genotypes of the parents?
Which phenotype is not possible from a cross between a Himalayan rabbit and a white rabbit?
Which phenotype is not possible from a cross between a Himalayan rabbit and a white rabbit?
Which of the following statements about allelic dominance is correct?
Which of the following statements about allelic dominance is correct?
What is true about sex-linked traits that are found on the X chromosome?
What is true about sex-linked traits that are found on the X chromosome?
In the case of red-green colorblindness, which statement is correct?
In the case of red-green colorblindness, which statement is correct?
What genetic pattern is displayed in the human pedigree for color-blindness?
What genetic pattern is displayed in the human pedigree for color-blindness?
What is the likely family genotype pattern for Serena, who has two normal daughters and one hemophiliac son?
What is the likely family genotype pattern for Serena, who has two normal daughters and one hemophiliac son?
What does congenital generalized hypertrichosis (CGH) signify?
What does congenital generalized hypertrichosis (CGH) signify?
Which phenotype would be expected from a mating between a black female cat and an orange male cat?
Which phenotype would be expected from a mating between a black female cat and an orange male cat?
How is red-green colorblindness specifically identified in individuals?
How is red-green colorblindness specifically identified in individuals?
What genotype would be necessary for a female to be colorblind?
What genotype would be necessary for a female to be colorblind?
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Study Notes
Genotype of Sexes
- XX for females
- XY for males
Sex Determination
- Humans have 46 chromosomes
- 2 of these chromosomes determine sex
- The father determines the sex of an offspring
Sex-Linked Traits
- The gene that determines a character is located on the sex chromosomes
- X-linked trait: The gene for the trait is found on the X chromosome
- Y-linked trait: The gene for the trait is found on the Y chromosome
Eye Color in Fruit Flies
- Eye color is a sex-linked trait
- Red eyes are dominant to white eyes
Codominance
- Both alleles of a gene pair are expressed in the heterozygote
- Phenotypes of both parents are combined in the offspring
Codominance Notation
- Choose a letter to represent the gene
- Use different letters to represent each allele
- Turn the letters into superscripts
- Combine the two letters, using capital letters
Codominance Examples
- Shorthorn cows
- Blue roosters
- Human blood typing
- Tabby cats
Lethal Genes
- Some genes are lethal when present in a homozygous condition
- Achondroplasia, cystic fibrosis, and sickle cell anemia are examples of recessive lethal conditions
- Huntington's disease is an example of a dominant lethal condition
Creeper Allele in Chickens
- An embryo with two copies of the creeper gene will not survive
Manx Cat
- Manx cats are heterozygous for a dominant lethal allele
- The dominant lethal allele causes the cat to lack a tail
- A cross between a manx cat and a normal cat will result in a 50% chance of the offspring being manx
Mouse Coat Color
- Yellow fur is dominant to grey fur
- The genotype "YY" is a lethal gene, which causes a 2: 1 ratio of yellow to grey offspring
Sex-Linked Traits
- Genes are located on the sex chromosomes
- The color vision gene is located on the X chromosome, not the Y chromosome
- Sex-linked traits are usually recessive
Red-Green Colorblindness
- Recessive sex-linked trait
- The gene is found on the X chromosome, not the Y chromosome
- Males are more likely to have red-green colorblindness
- Females must be homozygous recessive to have red-green colorblindness
Calico Cats
- Calico cats are female
- Their fur color is determined by the random inactivation of one of their X chromosomes
- They have a combination of black and orange fur
Human X-Linked Traits
- Hemophilia is a recessive sex-linked trait
- The gene for hemophilia is located on the X chromosome
- Females are carriers of hemophilia
Writing Sex-Linked Genotypes
- Use X to represent the X chromosome
- Use Y to represent the Y chromosome
- Use superscripts to represent the alleles
- Write the X chromosome first, followed by the Y chromosome
Hemophilia Genotypes
- Normal female: XHXH
- Carrier female: XHXh
- Hemophiliac female: XhXh
- Normal male: XHY
- Hemophiliac male: XhY
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