Genetics Chapter Overview Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of genes?

Genes are always expressed in the same way in all individuals. (correct)

Genes are responsible for the transmission of traits from parents to offspring.

Genes can be altered by environmental factors.

Genes are located on chromosomes.

What is the term for a variation of a gene?

Chromosome

Phenotype

Allele (correct)

Genotype

What is the process by which an offspring receives genetic material from both parents?

Meiosis

Mitosis

Transcription

Fertilization (correct)

What is the term for the physical characteristics of an individual?

Phenotype (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a child inheriting a recessive trait from both parents if both parents are carriers of the recessive allele?

25% (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a dominant trait?

Brown hair (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process in which genetic information is copied from DNA to RNA?

Transcription (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing inheritance?

The individual's choice of lifestyle (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a substance that the mother's blood provides to the fetus?

Antibodies (B) Signup and view all the answers

The fetus's blood supply is linked to the placenta via which structure?

The umbilical cord (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a role of the amniotic fluid?

Providing nutrients to the fetus (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism for the transfer of substances between the mother's and fetus's blood?

Diffusion (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does the placenta act as a barrier for toxins and pathogens?

It filters out harmful substances based on their size, with larger molecules being more likely to be blocked (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important that the mother's and fetus's blood do not mix?

Mixing could lead to an immune response from the mother's body against the fetus (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it advised that pregnant women avoid smoking?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the umbilical cord is TRUE?

It is made up of three blood vessels (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Genes and Inheritance

Cells contain threads called chromosomes, which control cell activities.
Chromosomes were discovered in the 19th century.
Scientists needed powerful microscopes to see chromosomes.
Chromosomes are only visible when cells divide, and need staining.
Different organisms have different numbers of chromosomes.
- Humans have 46 chromosomes.
- Fruit flies have 8 chromosomes.
- Mango trees have 40 chromosomes.
Chromosomes are numbered according to their length.
Each chromosome has two arms called chromatids, joined by a centromere.
Chromosomes are made of DNA and contain many different genes

The Makeup of a Chromosome

Chromosomes have protective caps called telomeres, which are made of DNA.
Telomeres help protect the ends of chromosomes.

Genes

Chromosomes are made up of hundreds of genes.
Genes are arranged in a specific order along the chromosome
Each gene controls a specific characteristic.
Scientists are still finding out which genes are on each chromosome.
- Chromosome 1 has about 2000 genes.
- Chromosome 15 has about 600 genes.

DNA

Chromosomes are made of a chemical called DNA, a very long molecule.
DNA has a shape called a double helix.
DNA contains the genetic code.
DNA was discovered in the 1950s.
DNA is very important because different genes in our cells determine what the cell does.
DNA molecules hold instructions for a functioning cell, and a whole organism.

Gametes and Inheritance

Gametes are specialized cells (sperm and egg) crucial for reproduction.
Human cells normally have 46 chromosomes, but gametes have half that (23).
Sperm cells are small and mobile, with a tail for swimming.
Egg cells are larger and contain food reserves, immobile.

Fertilisation

Fertilisation is the fusion of a sperm cell with an egg cell.
This creates a zygote, a cell with the full 46 chromosomes.
The zygote develops into a baby.

Inheritance of Sex

The last pair of chromosomes are called sex chromosomes.
The sex chromosomes determine the sex of an individual.
There are two different forms of chromosome 23, the X chromosome and the Y chromosome.
Females have two X chromosomes (XX).
Males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY).
The sperm cell determines the sex of the baby; the egg only provides an X chromosome.

Keeping a fetus healthy

Major organ development occurs in the first 12 weeks.
The embryo receives nutrients via diffusion through the uterus lining.
After 12 weeks, it's called a fetus, and the placenta develops further.
The gestation period for humans is 9 months.

Diet

A balanced diet is crucial for a healthy pregnancy.
A pregnant woman needs more protein to help the developing fetus grow new cells.
Carbohydrates are essential for energy.
Minerals like iron, calcium are needed for hemoglobin and bones development.
Pregnant women must eat plenty of vitamins.

Smoking

Smoking during pregnancy harms the developing fetus.
Smoking introduces carbon monoxide, nicotine, and tar, which affect the fetus.
Reduction in oxygen transport, growth, and health issues.

Drugs

Drugs affect the body's functions.
Some drugs can be helpful in treating illnesses.
Some drugs harm the body and especially harm a developing body.
Many drugs end up in the fetus' blood

One Important Recommendation

Pregnant women should talk to their doctor or pharmacist about taking and stopping taking any prescribed medication.
Pregnant women should avoid drugs such as illegal drugs, alcohol, and large amounts of caffeine, for example.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of genetics with this quiz. Covering key topics such as inheritance, genes, traits, and the role of the placenta, this quiz will challenge your understanding of genetic principles. Perfect for students studying biology or genetics at any level.