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Genetics Chapter 3 Flashcards
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Genetics Chapter 3 Flashcards

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@BenevolentDramaticIrony

Questions and Answers

What does the term 'true breeding' mean?

  • The organism can not be used for genetic study
  • The organism displays extreme genetic variations from one generation to the next
  • The organism displays a blending of genetic variations from one generation to the next
  • The organism displays little genetic variation from one generation to the next (correct)
  • The organism can not be used for fertilization

    • Why was Mendel successful at tracking patterns of inheritance whereas other scientists were not?

  • Mendel tracked only one contrasting phenotypic characteristic at a time
  • Mendel used an organism that was true breeding
  • Mendel used the garden pea which was a good model organism
  • None of these
  • All of these (correct)

    • A recessive trait is one that is:

  • None of these
  • All of these
  • Not masked by any other trait present in the genotype
  • Masked by another recessive trait, if another recessive trait is present in the genotype
  • Masked by a dominant trait, if a dominant trait is present in the genotype (correct)

    • A dominant trait is one that:

    <p>Will always be expressed if it is present in the genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A monohybrid cross is one in which:

    <p>One trait is being studied</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A heritable factor that exists in two forms is also known as a(n):

    <p>Gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An organism that inherits two different alleles for a single trait, one from its mother and one from its father is known as a(n):

    <p>Heterozygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An organism that inherits two identical alleles, one from its mother and one from its father is known as a(n):

    <p>Homozygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An organism's allelic constitution is also known as its:

    <p>Genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The physical appearance of an organism is known as its:

    <p>Phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a monohybrid cross, if the P generation consists of plants that are true breeding (one is homozygous dominant, the other homozygous recessive) then the F2 generation will consist of organisms that exhibit what ratio of dominant phenotypes to recessive phenotypes?

    <p>3:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a monohybrid cross, if the P generation consists of plants that are true breeding (one is homozygous dominant, the other homozygous recessive) then the F2 generation will consist of organisms that exhibit what ratio of homozygous dominant individuals to heterozygous individuals to homozygous recessive individuals?

    <p>1:2:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a principle that Mendel discovered using monohybrid crosses?

    <p>1 and 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The principle of dominance states that:

    <p>In a heterozygote, one allele may conceal the presence of another allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The principle of segregation states that:

    <p>In a heterozygote, two different alleles separate from each other during the formation of gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A dihybrid cross is one in which:

    <p>Two traits are studied at the same time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a dihybrid cross, if the P generation consists of plants that are true breeding (one is homozygous dominant, the other homozygous recessive) then the F2 generation will consist of organisms that exhibit what phenotypic ratio?

    <p>9 dominant for both traits : 3 dominant for trait #1 and recessive for trait #2 : 3 dominant for trait #2 and recessive for trait #1 : 1 recessive for both traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The principle of independent assortment states that:

    <p>The alleles of different genes segregate independently of each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a principle that Mendel discovered using dihybrid crosses?

    <p>Principle of independent assortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In tigers, a recessive allele causes a white tiger. If two phenotypically normal tigers are mated and produce a white offspring, what percentage of their remaining offspring is expected to be white?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A man was born with six fingers on each hand and six toes on each foot. His wife and their son have a normal number of digits. Having extra digits is a dominant trait. The couple's second child has extra digits. What is the probability that their next child will have extra digits, assuming that the trait exhibits complete penetrance?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a genetic cross between one homozygous recessive individual and one of unknown genotype?

    <p>Test cross</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Black fur in mice is dominant to brown fur. Short tails are dominant to long tails. What proportion of the offspring from a cross between an individual with the genotype BbTt and BBtt will have black fur and long tails?

    <p>8/16</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a trihybrid cross, the expected proportion of offspring showing all three recessive traits is:

    <p>1/64</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a cross AABBCC and aabbcc (P generation), what would be the phenotypic frequency of A_bbC_ in the F2 (produced by an F1 self cross), where ___= dominant or recessive allele?

    <p>9/64</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a method for analyzing a cross involving 2 genes?

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Chi-Square test a critical value is:

    <p>The point where the discrepancies between observed and expected numbers are not likely to be due to chance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chi-square statistic is calculated as:

    <p>χ2 = Σ (O-E)/E</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The degrees of freedom associated with a Chi-Square test is equal to:

    <p>The number of data categories minus one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You perform a dihybrid cross between two plants that have traits expressing a simple dominance relationship. Then, you self the F1 generation and analyze the progeny. How many degrees of freedom do you have for your chi-square test?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Biologists tend to reject the conclusion that the deviation is due to chance if the probability is less than:

    <p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why has progress studying the genetic traits of human beings been slow?

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A diagram that is used to show the relationships between family members and is used to track genetic traits is known as a(n):

    <p>Pedigree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a pedigree analysis, which of the following would represent an affected male?

    <p>Colored square</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If there are only two possible phenotypic classes, the probabilities associated with the various outcomes is referred to as:

    <p>Binomial probabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Genetics Key Concepts

    • True Breeding: Organisms that exhibit little genetic variation across generations, ensuring consistency in obtained traits.

    • Mendel's Success: Utilized the garden pea as a model organism, tracked one contrasting phenotypic characteristic at a time, and employed true breeding methods, leading to significant discoveries.

    • Recessive Traits: Traits that are masked by dominant traits in the presence of both in the genotype.

    • Dominant Traits: Traits that will always be expressed if present in the genotype, overshadowing recessive traits.

    • Monohybrid Cross: Focuses on one trait at a time, allowing for the analysis of inheritance patterns.

    • Alleles: Different forms of a gene; two alleles for a trait contribute to genetic diversity.

    • Heterozygote vs. Homozygote: A heterozygote has two different alleles for a trait, while a homozygote has identical alleles.

    • Genotype vs. Phenotype: Genotype refers to an organism's allelic constitution, while phenotype is the observable physical appearance.

    • Monohybrid Cross Ratios: In a cross between homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive parents, the F2 generation typically exhibits a 3:1 ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes and a 1:2:1 ratio of homozygous dominant to heterozygous to homozygous recessive individuals.

    • Principle of Dominance: States that in a heterozygote, one allele can conceal the presence of another allele.

    • Principle of Segregation: In heterozygotes, different alleles separate during gamete formation, ensuring genetic variability.

    • Dihybrid Cross: Investigates two traits at the same time, showcasing interaction between multiple genes.

    • Phenotypic Ratios in Dihybrid Crosses: In a classic dihybrid cross, the expected phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation is 9:3:3:1.

    • Independent Assortment: Asserts that alleles for different genes segregate independently during gamete formation.

    • Test Cross: A cross between an individual with an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual used to determine the unknown genotype.

    • Chi-Square Test: A statistical method used to determine whether observed and expected data significantly diverge; critical values reflect the likelihood that deviations are due to chance.

    • Degrees of Freedom: Calculated as the number of categories minus one in chi-square tests, this affects the critical value thresholds for significance.

    • Human Genetic Study Challenges: Compounded by difficulties in making controlled crosses, obtaining valid family records, and the small number of progeny.

    • Pedigree Analysis: Visual tool used for tracking genetic traits through generations, representing affected individuals with colored squares for males and circles for females.

    • Binomial Probabilities: Probabilities relating to outcomes in genetics involving two phenotypic classes.

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    Test your knowledge with these flashcards based on Genetics Chapter 3. You'll explore key concepts such as true breeding and genetic variation. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of genetic principles.

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