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Questions and Answers
What is the main goal in plant breeding when focusing on yield characteristics?
What is the main goal in plant breeding when focusing on yield characteristics?
In which type of plants are pedigree selection and mass selection common methods of breeding?
In which type of plants are pedigree selection and mass selection common methods of breeding?
What is the primary purpose of genetic engineering in plant breeding?
What is the primary purpose of genetic engineering in plant breeding?
Which method is most commonly employed for breeding cross-pollinated plants?
Which method is most commonly employed for breeding cross-pollinated plants?
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What type of traits are typically targeted in plant breeding using genetic engineering?
What type of traits are typically targeted in plant breeding using genetic engineering?
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When developing new varieties through plant breeding, what is the final step before distribution to growers?
When developing new varieties through plant breeding, what is the final step before distribution to growers?
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Which of the following is a potential benefit of GMOs?
Which of the following is a potential benefit of GMOs?
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One of the potential concerns associated with GMOs is:
One of the potential concerns associated with GMOs is:
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What is a characteristic of Traditional Breeding compared to Genetic Engineering?
What is a characteristic of Traditional Breeding compared to Genetic Engineering?
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Which is a drawback associated with Genetic Engineering over Traditional Breeding?
Which is a drawback associated with Genetic Engineering over Traditional Breeding?
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What is one of the potential benefits of GMOs mentioned in the text related to plant characteristics?
What is one of the potential benefits of GMOs mentioned in the text related to plant characteristics?
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Which factor contributes to the uncertainty surrounding the overall safety of GMOs?
Which factor contributes to the uncertainty surrounding the overall safety of GMOs?
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What are the main steps of plant breeding?
What are the main steps of plant breeding?
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Which technique allows the transfer of one or several genes in plants?
Which technique allows the transfer of one or several genes in plants?
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What percentage of yield gains in major cereal crops are attributed to genetic improvement?
What percentage of yield gains in major cereal crops are attributed to genetic improvement?
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Which type of corn hybrid has shown the highest increase in yield per acre per year?
Which type of corn hybrid has shown the highest increase in yield per acre per year?
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Which scientific technique is utilized to create or transform plants?
Which scientific technique is utilized to create or transform plants?
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What are Mendel's laws considered as in the context of plant breeding?
What are Mendel's laws considered as in the context of plant breeding?
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What determines the breeding methods of crops?
What determines the breeding methods of crops?
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Which cell organelle contains chromosomes that control inheritance?
Which cell organelle contains chromosomes that control inheritance?
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What are genes made of?
What are genes made of?
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What determines the total genetic makeup of an organism?
What determines the total genetic makeup of an organism?
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Which type of traits are discrete and controlled by one or a few genes?
Which type of traits are discrete and controlled by one or a few genes?
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What is heritability defined as?
What is heritability defined as?
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How are quantitative traits described?
How are quantitative traits described?
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What is the primary method through which corn reproduces?
What is the primary method through which corn reproduces?
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Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells?
Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells?
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Study Notes
Plant Breeding Goals
- Yield is a complex quantitative trait that involves selection for disease and insect resistance, competitiveness, and drought tolerance
- Quality traits include starch fermentation characteristics or forage digestibility
- Harvestability involves specific crop modifications to reduce loss
- Persistence refers to enhanced survivability over the long term
Breeding Strategies
- Collect sources of genetic variation
- Determine parent materials
- Generate new genetic combinations through crossing and hybridization
- Select desired combinations of traits
- Conduct evaluation trials
- Distribute new varieties to growers
Breeding by Pollination System
- Self-pollinated plants are usually homozygous and use methods like pedigree selection or mass selection
- Cross-pollinated plants are heterozygous and use mass selection or hybridization
Genetic Engineering
- Uses gene transformation to transfer genes of interest from a wide range of sources
- Genes can originate from various sources and are transferred via bacterium or gene gun
- Used for qualitative traits like herbicide and disease resistance
GMOs
- Potential benefits: biological pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, adaptation to environmental stresses, desirable functional and nutritional characteristics
- Potential concerns: overall safety, long-term impact on human health, outcross with weedy relatives, unintended effects on non-target organisms, pests developing resistance, ethical and religious issues
Traditional Breeding vs. Genetic Engineering
- Traditional breeding: years to release variety, transfers many genes, uses genes from same or related species, not prohibited
- Genetic engineering: faster release of varieties, transfers few genes of interest, can use genes from any species, prohibited in some countries
Improving Plants
- Chromosomes control inheritance
- Mendel's laws are the basis of plant breeding
- Sexually reproducing plants are self- or cross-pollinated
- Collection, selection, crossing, evaluation, and introduction are the main steps of breeding
- Gene transformation allows transfer of one or several genes
Crop Improvement
- Fundamental aspect of modern agriculture development
- Significant advances in the twentieth century due to the rediscovery of Mendel's principles
- Half of yield gains in major cereal crops result from genetic improvement
- Agricultural biotechnology involves scientific techniques to create or transform plants
Corn Yield
- Single cross hybrids: 1.7 Bu per acre per year (1.8% per year)
- Double cross hybrids: 1.0 Bu per acre per year (2.8% per year)
- Biotech hybrids: 2.6 Bu per acre per year (1.9% per year)
Reproduction in Plants
- Occurs via seeds
- Sexually reproducing plants are either self- or cross-pollinated or a mix
- Mode of reproduction of crops determines breeding methods
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Description
Test your knowledge on Mendelian Genetics and Plant Breeding goals, traits, and strategies. Topics include genetic variation, parent materials, yield, quality traits, harvestability, and persistence.
