Chapter 9: Mendelian Genetics and Plant Breeding Quiz
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Chapter 9: Mendelian Genetics and Plant Breeding Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the main goal in plant breeding when focusing on yield characteristics?

  • Enhanced survivability over the long term
  • Selection for disease and insect resistance (correct)
  • Starch fermentation characteristics
  • Specific crop modifications to reduce loss
  • In which type of plants are pedigree selection and mass selection common methods of breeding?

  • Heterozygous plants
  • Plants with starch fermentation characteristics
  • Self-pollinated plants (correct)
  • Cross-pollinated plants
  • What is the primary purpose of genetic engineering in plant breeding?

  • Creating new genetic combinations
  • Mass selection of plants
  • Transferring genes of interest (correct)
  • Enhancing survivability over the long term
  • Which method is most commonly employed for breeding cross-pollinated plants?

    <p>Hybridization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of traits are typically targeted in plant breeding using genetic engineering?

    <p>Herbicide and disease resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When developing new varieties through plant breeding, what is the final step before distribution to growers?

    <p>Evaluation trials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential benefit of GMOs?

    <p>Adaptation to environmental stresses like salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One of the potential concerns associated with GMOs is:

    <p>Unintended effects on non-target organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Traditional Breeding compared to Genetic Engineering?

    <p>Transfers many genes at once</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a drawback associated with Genetic Engineering over Traditional Breeding?

    <p>Transfers few genes of interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the potential benefits of GMOs mentioned in the text related to plant characteristics?

    <p>Increased shelf life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the uncertainty surrounding the overall safety of GMOs?

    <p>Clear evidence of long-term human health impacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main steps of plant breeding?

    <p>Collection, selection, crossing, evaluation, introduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique allows the transfer of one or several genes in plants?

    <p>Gene transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of yield gains in major cereal crops are attributed to genetic improvement?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of corn hybrid has shown the highest increase in yield per acre per year?

    <p>Biotech hybrids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientific technique is utilized to create or transform plants?

    <p>Biotechnology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Mendel's laws considered as in the context of plant breeding?

    <p>The basis of plant breeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the breeding methods of crops?

    <p>Mode of reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell organelle contains chromosomes that control inheritance?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are genes made of?

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the total genetic makeup of an organism?

    <p>Genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of traits are discrete and controlled by one or a few genes?

    <p>Qualitative traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is heritability defined as?

    <p>The proportion of phenotype controlled by genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are quantitative traits described?

    <p>Complex and controlled by several genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method through which corn reproduces?

    <p>A mix of self- and cross-pollination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells?

    <p>Chloroplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Plant Breeding Goals

    • Yield is a complex quantitative trait that involves selection for disease and insect resistance, competitiveness, and drought tolerance
    • Quality traits include starch fermentation characteristics or forage digestibility
    • Harvestability involves specific crop modifications to reduce loss
    • Persistence refers to enhanced survivability over the long term

    Breeding Strategies

    • Collect sources of genetic variation
    • Determine parent materials
    • Generate new genetic combinations through crossing and hybridization
    • Select desired combinations of traits
    • Conduct evaluation trials
    • Distribute new varieties to growers

    Breeding by Pollination System

    • Self-pollinated plants are usually homozygous and use methods like pedigree selection or mass selection
    • Cross-pollinated plants are heterozygous and use mass selection or hybridization

    Genetic Engineering

    • Uses gene transformation to transfer genes of interest from a wide range of sources
    • Genes can originate from various sources and are transferred via bacterium or gene gun
    • Used for qualitative traits like herbicide and disease resistance

    GMOs

    • Potential benefits: biological pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, adaptation to environmental stresses, desirable functional and nutritional characteristics
    • Potential concerns: overall safety, long-term impact on human health, outcross with weedy relatives, unintended effects on non-target organisms, pests developing resistance, ethical and religious issues

    Traditional Breeding vs. Genetic Engineering

    • Traditional breeding: years to release variety, transfers many genes, uses genes from same or related species, not prohibited
    • Genetic engineering: faster release of varieties, transfers few genes of interest, can use genes from any species, prohibited in some countries

    Improving Plants

    • Chromosomes control inheritance
    • Mendel's laws are the basis of plant breeding
    • Sexually reproducing plants are self- or cross-pollinated
    • Collection, selection, crossing, evaluation, and introduction are the main steps of breeding
    • Gene transformation allows transfer of one or several genes

    Crop Improvement

    • Fundamental aspect of modern agriculture development
    • Significant advances in the twentieth century due to the rediscovery of Mendel's principles
    • Half of yield gains in major cereal crops result from genetic improvement
    • Agricultural biotechnology involves scientific techniques to create or transform plants

    Corn Yield

    • Single cross hybrids: 1.7 Bu per acre per year (1.8% per year)
    • Double cross hybrids: 1.0 Bu per acre per year (2.8% per year)
    • Biotech hybrids: 2.6 Bu per acre per year (1.9% per year)

    Reproduction in Plants

    • Occurs via seeds
    • Sexually reproducing plants are either self- or cross-pollinated or a mix
    • Mode of reproduction of crops determines breeding methods

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on Mendelian Genetics and Plant Breeding goals, traits, and strategies. Topics include genetic variation, parent materials, yield, quality traits, harvestability, and persistence.

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