Genetics & Biotechnology Terms

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Questions and Answers

What is an allele?

A variation of a gene.

What are autosomal chromosomes?

The 44 chromosomes in humans that are not sex chromosomes (X or Y).

Describe bacterial transformation.

The ability of bacteria to alter their genetic makeup by taking up foreign DNA from another bacterial cell and incorporating it into their own.

What is bioethics?

<p>The study of the ethical issues emerging from advances in biology and medicine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define biotechnology.

<p>The use and application of living things and biological processes for practical purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a clone?

<p>A member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain reproductive cloning.

<p>Making a full living copy of an organism by using embryonic stem cells and a surrogate mother.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of therapeutic cloning?

<p>Using embryonic or somatic stem cells to become any type of cell, for the purpose of replacing or repairing damaged tissues or organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In codominance, one allele is completely dominant over the other.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is color blindness typically inherited?

<p>It is a recessive trait carried on the X chromosome. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does CRISPR stand for?

<p>Clustered Regulatory Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is crossing over?

<p>A process during meiosis where homologous chromosomes exchange segments, resulting in genetic recombination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes cystic fibrosis and what are its characteristics?

<p>Cystic fibrosis is caused by having two copies of a certain recessive allele. It is characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus, leading to vulnerability to infection, and can be fatal if untreated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is diabetes?

<p>A medical condition in which the body cannot control the amount of sugar (glucose) in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is DNA fingerprinting?

<p>The analysis of fragments of DNA as a form of identification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A dominant allele's trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes Down syndrome?

<p>An extra copy of chromosome 21.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is fertilization?

<p>The fusion of an egg cell and a sperm cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does gel electrophoresis work to create a 'DNA Fingerprint'?

<p>Restriction enzymes cut DNA into different-sized fragments, which are then separated using an electric charge. Smaller fragments move faster and farther through the gel, creating a unique pattern.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gene therapy?

<p>The process of changing a gene that causes a genetic condition to a working one.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a genetically modified organism (GMO)?

<p>An organism whose genetic material has been altered through some genetic engineering technology or technique.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are gametes?

<p>Haploid reproductive cells (sperm and egg).</p> Signup and view all the answers

In genetics, what role does DNA play?

<p>DNA is responsible for turning genes on and off, controlling what organs, proteins, traits, and characteristics are created and when.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What processes lead to genetic recombination?

<p>Crossing over and independent assortment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a genome?

<p>The complete set of instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does genotype refer to?

<p>The specific combination of genes or alleles an organism possesses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hemophilia?

<p>A genetic mutation, often sex-linked, that causes defects in the blood clotting process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean if an organism is heterozygous for a trait?

<p>It means the organism has two different alleles for that specific gene (e.g., Aa).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are homologous chromosomes?

<p>A pair of chromosomes that are the same size and have the same genes in the same order, one inherited from each parent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

An organism that is homozygous for a trait has two different alleles for that trait.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in Huntington's disease?

<p>It's a genetic mutation causing progressive breakdown (degeneration) of nerve cells in the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the principle of Independent Assortment.

<p>During gamete formation (meiosis), the alleles for different genes segregate independently of one another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is incomplete dominance?

<p>A pattern of inheritance where one allele is not completely dominant over another, resulting in a phenotype that is a blend of the two.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define inheritance.

<p>The process by which genetic material (traits) is passed from parents to their offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a karyotype used for?

<p>To display chromosomes arranged by shape and size, determining biological sex or chromosomal conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meiosis, and where does it occur?

<p>Meiosis is a type of nuclear division that reduces the number of chromosomes by half. It occurs only in reproductive cells (to produce sperm and egg).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a monohybrid cross?

<p>A genetic cross in which only one characteristic or trait is tracked.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'multiple alleles' mean in genetics?

<p>It means that three or more different alleles exist for the same gene within a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is nondisjunction?

<p>An error during meiosis where homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate properly, resulting in gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes (e.g., two copies of a chromosome in one cell instead of one in each).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pedigree used for in genetics?

<p>To track the inheritance of a genetic disease or trait through multiple generations of a family (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does phenotype refer to?

<p>The observable physical or behavioral characteristics of an organism, resulting from its genotype and environmental influences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain polygenic inheritance.

<p>A pattern of inheritance where a single phenotypic character is influenced by the additive effects of two or more genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A recessive allele is always expressed, even when a dominant allele is present.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is recombinant DNA?

<p>DNA that has been formed artificially by combining DNA segments from different sources or species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a restriction enzyme?

<p>An enzyme that cuts DNA molecules at specific nucleotide sequences called restriction sites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are sex chromosomes and what do they determine?

<p>The X and Y chromosomes, which determine the biological sex (gender) of an individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are sex-linked traits?

<p>Traits that are controlled by genes located on the sex chromosomes (usually the X chromosome).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe sexual reproduction.

<p>A type of reproduction in which cells (gametes) from two parents unite to form the first cell (zygote) of a new organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is sickle cell anemia?

<p>An inherited disease characterized by abnormally shaped (sickle-shaped) red blood cells. It can be very painful and may cause early death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a transgenic organism?

<p>An organism that has been genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a vaccine and how does it work?

<p>A preparation, typically containing weakened or killed viruses/bacteria or parts of them, that is introduced into the body to stimulate an immune response and protect against a specific disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a zygote?

<p>A fertilized egg cell, resulting from the fusion of a sperm and an egg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an allele?

<p>A variation of a gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are autosomal chromosomes?

<p>The 44 chromosomes in humans that are not sex chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is bacterial transformation?

<p>The ability of bacteria to alter their genetic makeup by taking up foreign DNA from the environment (often from other lysed bacterial cells) and incorporating it into their own genome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is bioethics?

<p>The study of the ethical issues emerging from advances in biology and medicine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is biotechnology?

<p>The use and application of living organisms and biological processes for technological purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a clone?

<p>A member of a population of genetically identical cells or individuals produced from a single cell or organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is reproductive cloning?

<p>The process of creating a genetically identical copy of an entire organism, often involving the transfer of a somatic cell nucleus into an enucleated egg cell, which is then implanted into a surrogate mother.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is therapeutic cloning?

<p>The use of cloning techniques, particularly involving embryonic or somatic stem cells, to produce specific cell types or tissues for the purpose of replacing or repairing damaged tissues or organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is codominance?

<p>A pattern of inheritance in which neither allele for a trait is dominant or recessive; instead, both alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is color blindness?

<p>A condition, often inherited as a recessive trait carried on the X chromosome, where an individual has difficulty distinguishing between certain colors due to defects in one or more of the retina's color receptors (cones).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does CRISPR stand for?

<p>Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is crossing over?

<p>The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis, resulting in genetic recombination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cystic fibrosis?

<p>An inherited disease caused by having two copies of a specific recessive allele (on the CFTR gene), characterized by the production of abnormally thick mucus, leading to respiratory and digestive problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is diabetes?

<p>A group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is DNA fingerprinting?

<p>A technique used to identify individuals based on the analysis of unique patterns within their DNA, typically focusing on short tandem repeats (STRs).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a dominant allele?

<p>An allele whose associated trait is expressed in the phenotype even when only one copy is present (i.e., in a heterozygous individual).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Down syndrome?

<p>A genetic condition caused by the presence of an extra full or partial copy of chromosome 21, leading to characteristic physical features and intellectual disability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is fertilization?

<p>The fusion of male and female gametes (e.g., sperm and egg) to form a zygote.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gel electrophoresis?

<p>A laboratory technique used to separate molecules like DNA, RNA, or proteins based on their size and charge by applying an electric field to move them through a gel matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gene therapy?

<p>An experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease by inserting, deleting, or modifying genetic material within a patient's cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a genetically modified organism (GMO)?

<p>An organism whose genetic material (DNA) has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are gametes?

<p>Haploid reproductive cells (e.g., sperm and egg in animals) that fuse during fertilization to form a zygote.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is genetics?

<p>The scientific study of genes, heredity, and the variation of inherited characteristics in organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is genetic recombination?

<p>The process that produces new combinations of alleles on chromosomes, primarily through crossing over and independent assortment during meiosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a genome?

<p>The complete set of genetic material (DNA or RNA) present in an organism or cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a genotype?

<p>The specific combination of alleles an organism possesses for a particular gene or set of genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hemophilia?

<p>An inherited genetic disorder, typically X-linked recessive, that impairs the body's ability to control blood clotting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does heterozygous mean?

<p>Having two different alleles for a particular gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are homologous chromosomes?

<p>A pair of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent, that are similar in shape, size, and the genes they carry, though they may have different alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does homozygous mean?

<p>Having two identical alleles for a particular gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Huntington's disease?

<p>An inherited neurodegenerative disorder, caused by a dominant allele, characterized by the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is independent assortment?

<p>The principle stating that during gamete formation (meiosis), the alleles for different genes segregate independently of one another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is incomplete dominance?

<p>A pattern of inheritance where the phenotype of a heterozygous individual is an intermediate blend between the phenotypes of the two homozygous parents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is inheritance?

<p>The process by which genetic information (traits) is passed down from parents to their offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a karyotype?

<p>An image of an individual's complete set of chromosomes, arranged in pairs according to size and shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meiosis?

<p>A specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, creating four haploid cells (gametes or spores), each genetically distinct from the parent cell and from each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a monohybrid cross?

<p>A genetic cross between parents that differ in only one specific characteristic being tracked.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are multiple alleles?

<p>The existence of three or more different alleles for a single gene within a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is nondisjunction?

<p>The failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during meiosis or mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pedigree?

<p>A diagram or chart that shows the occurrence and appearance of a particular genetic trait or disease across multiple generations within a family.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a phenotype?

<p>The observable physical, biochemical, or behavioral characteristics of an organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is polygenic inheritance?

<p>A pattern of inheritance in which a single phenotypic trait is controlled by the additive effects of two or more genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recessive allele?

<p>An allele whose associated trait is only expressed in the phenotype when two copies are present (i.e., in a homozygous recessive individual).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is recombinant DNA?

<p>A DNA molecule created in the laboratory by combining genetic material from different sources, often from different species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a restriction enzyme?

<p>An enzyme, typically isolated from bacteria, that cuts DNA molecules at specific, recognized nucleotide sequences called restriction sites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are sex chromosomes?

<p>A pair of chromosomes (e.g., X and Y in humans) that determine the biological sex of an individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are sex-linked traits?

<p>Traits determined by genes located on the sex chromosomes (usually the X chromosome in humans).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is sexual reproduction?

<p>A type of reproduction involving the fusion of gametes from two parents to form a zygote, resulting in offspring that are genetically distinct from both parents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is sickle cell anemia?

<p>An inherited blood disorder caused by a recessive allele, characterized by red blood cells assuming an abnormal, rigid, sickle shape, which can block blood flow and cause pain, organ damage, and anemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a transgenic organism?

<p>An organism that contains genetic material into which DNA from an unrelated organism (often a different species) has been artificially introduced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a vaccine?

<p>A biological preparation administered to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity against a specific pathogen (like a virus or bacterium), thereby preventing or lessening the severity of disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a zygote?

<p>The diploid cell formed by the successful fusion of two haploid gametes (e.g., sperm and egg) during fertilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an allele?

<p>A variation or alternative form of a gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are autosomal chromosomes?

<p>The 44 chromosomes in humans that are not sex chromosomes (X or Y).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the process of bacterial transformation.

<p>It is the ability of bacteria to alter their genetic makeup by taking up foreign DNA from their environment (e.g., from other bacterial cells) and incorporating it into their own genome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is bioethics?

<p>The study of the ethical issues emerging from advances in biology and medicine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define biotechnology.

<p>The use and application of living organisms, biological systems, or their derivatives to make or modify products or processes for specific use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a clone in a biological context?

<p>An organism or cell, or group of organisms or cells, produced asexually from one ancestor or stock, to which they are genetically identical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is reproductive cloning?

<p>The process of creating a genetically identical copy of an entire organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of therapeutic cloning?

<p>To produce embryonic stem cells with the same DNA as a donor cell for use in regenerative medicine, aiming to replace or repair damaged tissues or organs without immune rejection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a situation where both alleles for a gene are fully and separately expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote?

<p>Codominance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Color blindness is typically a dominant trait carried on the Y chromosome.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym CRISPR stand for?

<p>Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is crossing over?

<p>The exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosis (specifically prophase I).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of genetic disorder is cystic fibrosis, and what allele combination is required for it to manifest?

<p>Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. An individual must inherit two copies of the recessive allele (be homozygous recessive) to have the disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the medical condition known as diabetes?

<p>A metabolic disorder where the body has difficulty regulating blood sugar (glucose) levels, often due to insufficient insulin production or the body's inability to use insulin effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is DNA fingerprinting?

<p>A laboratory technique used to establish a link between biological evidence and a suspect in a criminal investigation. It analyzes unique patterns (like short tandem repeats) in an individual's DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

An allele whose trait is expressed in an organism's phenotype even when only one copy is present (in a heterozygote) is called a:

<p>Dominant allele (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What chromosomal abnormality causes Down syndrome?

<p>An extra copy of chromosome 21, resulting in three copies instead of the usual two (Trisomy 21).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the fusion of male and female gametes (e.g., egg and sperm)?

<p>Fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does gel electrophoresis separate DNA fragments?

<p>It uses an electric field to move negatively charged DNA fragments through a gel matrix. Smaller fragments move faster and farther through the pores of the gel than larger fragments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of gene therapy?

<p>To treat or cure genetic disorders by introducing, removing, or altering genetic material within a person's cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a genetically modified organism (GMO)?

<p>An organism whose genetic material (DNA) has been altered using genetic engineering techniques, often involving the introduction of genes from another species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are gametes?

<p>Haploid reproductive cells (such as sperm and egg cells) that fuse during fertilization to form a diploid zygote.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the field of genetics the study of?

<p>Genetics is the scientific study of genes, heredity (how traits are passed from parents to offspring), and genetic variation in living organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What processes during meiosis lead to genetic recombination?

<p>Crossing over (exchange of segments between homologous chromosomes) and independent assortment (random orientation and separation of homologous pairs).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a genome?

<p>The complete set of genetic material (DNA or, in some viruses, RNA) present in an organism or cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'genotype' refer to?

<p>The specific combination of alleles an organism possesses for a particular gene or set of genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition results from a genetic mutation that causes defects in blood clotting?

<p>Hemophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for an organism to be heterozygous for a particular gene?

<p>Having two different alleles for that gene at a specific locus on homologous chromosomes (e.g., genotype Aa).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are homologous chromosomes?

<p>A pair of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent, that are similar in size, shape, and gene sequence (though they may carry different alleles for the same genes).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for an organism to be homozygous for a particular gene?

<p>Having two identical alleles for that gene at a specific locus on homologous chromosomes (e.g., genotype AA or aa).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of the genetic mutation causing Huntington's Disease?

<p>It causes the progressive degeneration (breakdown and death) of nerve cells, particularly in certain areas of the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain Mendel's principle of Independent Assortment.

<p>During gamete formation (meiosis), the alleles for different genes (located on different chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome) segregate independently of each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pattern of inheritance occurs when the heterozygous phenotype is an intermediate blend between the two homozygous phenotypes?

<p>Incomplete Dominance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is inheritance in biology?

<p>The process by which genetic information, in the form of genes and traits, is passed down from parents to their offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a karyotype and what is it used for?

<p>A karyotype is an organized visual profile of an individual's chromosomes, arranged in pairs based on size, banding pattern, and centromere position. It's used to determine biological sex and detect chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., extra or missing chromosomes, structural changes).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meiosis and in what types of cells does it occur?

<p>Meiosis is a specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half (from diploid to haploid), creating four genetically distinct gametes (or spores). It occurs only in germline cells destined to become reproductive cells (sperm and egg in animals).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is studied in a monohybrid cross?

<p>The inheritance pattern of a single characteristic or trait controlled by one gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'multiple alleles' mean in genetics?

<p>When a gene exists in three or more different allelic forms within a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is nondisjunction?

<p>The failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division (either meiosis or mitosis).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What graphical representation is used in genetics to track the inheritance of a specific trait or disease through multiple generations of a family?

<p>Pedigree Chart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'phenotype'.

<p>The observable physical, biochemical, or behavioral characteristics (traits) of an organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is polygenic inheritance?

<p>A pattern of inheritance where a single phenotypic trait is influenced by the additive effects of two or more different genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

An allele whose phenotypic effect is only expressed when present in two copies (homozygous state) and is masked by a dominant allele in heterozygotes is called a:

<p>Recessive allele (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is recombinant DNA?

<p>DNA molecules created in the laboratory by combining genetic material from different sources using genetic engineering techniques.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a restriction enzyme?

<p>To recognize specific, short nucleotide sequences (restriction sites) within DNA molecules and cut the DNA at or near these sites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are sex chromosomes, and what role do they play in humans?

<p>Chromosomes involved in determining the biological sex of an individual. In humans, these are the X and Y chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are sex-linked traits?

<p>Traits controlled by genes located on the sex chromosomes (most commonly the X chromosome in humans).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe sexual reproduction.

<p>A biological process that creates a new organism by combining the genetic material of two parents. It typically involves the fusion of haploid gametes (sperm and egg) to form a diploid zygote.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes sickle cell anemia, and what is its main characteristic?

<p>Sickle cell anemia is an inherited recessive disorder caused by a mutation in the gene coding for hemoglobin. This mutation causes red blood cells to adopt an abnormal, rigid, sickle shape under certain conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a transgenic organism?

<p>An organism that has had genetic material (DNA) from a different species artificially introduced into its genome using genetic engineering techniques.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle behind how a vaccine works?

<p>A vaccine introduces a harmless component of a pathogen (like a weakened or killed microbe, or specific proteins/sugars from its surface) into the body to stimulate the immune system to develop immunity against the actual pathogen without causing disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a zygote?

<p>The diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes (e.g., a sperm cell and an egg cell) during fertilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Allele

Variation of genes found at the same locus on homologous chromosomes.

Autosomal Chromosomes

The 44 non-sex-determining chromosomes in human cells.

Bacterial Transformation

Bacteria's ability to incorporate external DNA into their genome.

Bioethics

Study of the moral issues arising from advances in biology and medicine.

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Biotechnology

Using living organisms or biological systems to develop or make products.

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Clone

A genetically identical organism or cell derived from a single ancestor.

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Reproductive Cloning

Creating a genetically identical copy of an entire organism.

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Therapeutic Cloning

Generating cells, tissues, or organs for repair or replacement.

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Codominance

When both alleles contribute to the phenotype.

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Color Blindness

X-linked recessive trait affecting the ability to see certain colors.

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CRISPR

A gene editing technology for precise DNA modification.

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Crossing Over

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

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Cystic Fibrosis

A genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the CFTR gene, leading to mucus buildup.

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Diabetes

A metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels.

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DNA Fingerprinting

Identifying individuals based on their unique DNA patterns.

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Dominant Allele

An allele that expresses its trait even when paired with a recessive allele.

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Down Syndrome

A genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.

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Fertilization

The fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.

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Gel Electrophoresis

Separating DNA fragments by size using an electric field.

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Gene Therapy

Introducing genes into cells to treat or prevent disease.

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Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)

An organism whose genetic material has been altered.

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Gametes

Haploid reproductive cells (sperm and egg).

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Genetics

The study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation in living organisms.

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Genetic Recombination

The production of new gene combinations through crossing over or independent assortment.

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Genome

The complete set of genetic instructions in an organism.

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Genotype

The specific combination of alleles for a particular trait.

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Hemophilia

A genetic disorder that impairs the blood's ability to clot.

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Heterozygous

Having two different alleles for a particular gene.

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Homologous Chromosomes

Chromosome pairs that are similar in size, shape, and gene content.

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Homozygous

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene.

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Huntington's Disease

An inherited neurodegenerative disease that causes brain cells to die.

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Independent Assortment

Genes on different chromosomes assort independently during gamete formation.

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Incomplete Dominance

A form of inheritance where the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate.

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Inheritance

The transmission of traits from parents to offspring.

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Karyotype

A display of chromosomes arranged by size and shape.

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Meiosis

Cell division that halves the number of chromosomes, forming gametes.

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Monohybrid Cross

A genetic cross involving only one trait.

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Multiple Alleles

A gene with more than two alleles in a population.

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Nondisjunction

Failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division.

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Pedigree

A diagram that shows the inheritance of a trait in a family.

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Phenotype

The observable characteristics of an organism.

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Polygenic Inheritance

A trait controlled by multiple genes.

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Recessive Allele

An allele that is masked by a dominant allele.

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Recombinant DNA

DNA formed by combining DNA from different sources.

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Restriction Enzyme

An enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sequences.

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Sex Chromosomes

Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual.

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Sex-Linked Traits

Traits determined from genes on sex chromosomes

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Sexual Reproduction

Reproduction involving the fusion of gametes from two parents.

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Sickle Cell Anemia

An inherited blood disorder causing red blood cells to be sickle-shaped.

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Transgenic Organism

An organism containing genes from another species.

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Vaccine

A weakened antigen stimulates immunity to prevent a disease

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Zygote

A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes.

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Study Notes

  • Genetics and biotechnology terms and definitions

Allele

  • A variation of a gene.

Autosomal Chromosomes

  • The 44 chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes

Bacterial Transformation

  • The capability of bacteria to modify their genetic composition by absorbing foreign DNA from another bacterial cell and incorporating it.

Bioethics

  • The ethics of medical and biological research

Biotechnology

  • Using and applying living things and biological processes.

Clone

  • A member of a population of genetically identical cells derived from a single cell.

Reproductive Cloning

  • Creating a complete living copy of an organism through the use of embryonic stem cells and a surrogate mother.

Therapeutic Cloning

  • Utilizing embryonic or somatic stem cells to differentiate into any cell type to replace or repair damaged tissues or organs.

Codominance

  • A genetic scenario where neither allele is dominant or recessive.

Color Blindness

  • A recessive trait carried on the X chromosome (c) that affects one or more of the retina's color receptors (green, blue, or red).

CRISPR

  • Clustered Regulatory Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats.

Crossing Over

  • A genetic recombination.

Cystic Fibrosis

  • A disease caused by two copies of a specific recessive allele, characterized by excessive mucus secretion and increased susceptibility to infection, and can be fatal without treatment.

Diabetes

  • A medical condition where the body cannot regulate blood sugar levels.

DNA Fingerprinting

  • Analyzing DNA fragments for identification purposes.

Dominant Allele

  • An allele whose trait is always expressed in an organism when present.

Down Syndrome

  • A condition of intellectual disability and physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.

Fertilization

  • The fusion of an egg and sperm cell

Gel Electrophoresis

  • A process that uses restriction enzymes to cut DNA into different-sized fragments, and then uses an electric charge to separate them, creating a "DNA Fingerprint".

Gene Therapy

  • The process of replacing a gene that causes a genetic condition with a functional one.

Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)

  • Any organism whose genetic material has been altered through genetic engineering technology or techniques.

Gametes

  • Four haploid reproductive cells.

Genetics

  • DNA controls when genes are turned on and off, which determines the creation of organs, proteins, traits, and characteristics along with their timing.

Genetic Recombination

  • The new combination of genes produced by crossing over and independent assortment.

Genome

  • The complete set of instructions for creating an organism, including all genetic material found in its chromosomes.

Genotype

  • The specific gene or allele combinations present in an organism.

Hemophilia

  • A genetic mutation that causes defects in blood clotting.

Heterozygous

  • Having two different alleles for a particular gene.

Homologous Chromosomes

  • A pair of chromosomes that are the same size and have the same genes.

Homozygous

  • Having two identical alleles for a trait.

Huntington's Disease

  • A genetic mutation that causes nerve cells in the brain to break down and die.

Independent Assortment

  • The random distribution of gene pairs on different chromosomes to the gametes.

Incomplete Dominance

  • A genetic situation where one allele is not completely dominant over another.

Inheritance

  • The process by which genetic material is passed from parents to offspring.

Karyotype

  • Chromosomes arranged by shape and size to determine biological sex or chromosomal conditions.

Meiosis

  • Nuclear division that halves the number of chromosomes, occurring only in reproductive cells (sperm and egg).

Monohybrid Cross

  • A cross in which only one characteristic is tracked.

Multiple Alleles

  • Three or more alleles of the same gene.

Nondisjunction

  • When two chromosomes end up in one cell instead of one in each cell during cell division.

Pedigree

  • A family record of genetic history that shows how a genetic disease or trait has been inherited across generations.

Phenotype

  • The observable outward appearances or behaviors of an organism.

Polygenic Inheritance

  • The additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character.

Recessive Allele

  • An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present.

Recombinant DNA

  • DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources.

Restriction Enzyme

  • An enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides.

Sex Chromosomes

  • X and Y chromosomes determine an individual's gender.

Sex-Linked Traits

  • Traits controlled by genes located on sex chromosomes.

Sexual Reproduction

  • A type of reproduction where cells from two parents unite to form the first cell of a new organism.

Sickle Cell Anemia

  • An inherited disease characterized by abnormally shaped blood cells, causing pain and potentially leading to early death.

Transgenic Organism

  • An organism that has been genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism.

Vaccine

  • A weakened version of a virus or bacteria injected into the body to protect against disease.

Zygote

  • A fertilized egg.

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