Genetics and Kidney Issues Quiz

A segment of DNA responsible for coding a specific protein, determining traits and characteristics.

A change in the sequence of nucleotides within a gene, leading to altered protein function.

The process of creating a copy of a gene.

A functional unit of DNA which is packaged into a compact form.

A tightly coiled structure made of DNA and proteins.

The process of converting genetic information into functional proteins.

A molecule that carries genetic instructions.

A change in the amino acid sequence of a protein due to a gene mutation.

A combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors that influence a person's health and development.

A prefix indicating a link to cancer.

A gene that promotes uncontrolled cell growth, potentially leading to cancer.

A substance or agent that can cause birth defects.

Abnormalities present at birth or associated with prenatal development.

A condition caused by the effects of alcohol exposure during pregnancy, leading to developmental abnormalities.

Disorders resulting from changes in the structure or number of chromosomes.

A combination of two different alleles for a gene, such as one normal and one diseased allele.

An individual carrying a recessive gene for a disease but not displaying symptoms.

A person with a heterozygous genotype for a recessive disease may experience milder symptoms.

A genotype with two identical alleles, like DD, indicating the individual has two normal copies of the gene.

A disorder caused by a dominant gene mutation, meaning only one copy of the mutated gene needs to be present for the disease to manifest.

Genes responsible for traits not on sex chromosomes, passed through autosomes.

The gene version present in a cell, affecting a specific trait. It describes the combination of alleles.

The observable characteristics of an organism, influenced by its genotype and environment.

The two X chromosomes in females function like autosomal chromosomes, meaning that each gene on one X has a matching allele on the other X. However, males only have one X chromosome, so the genes on their X do not have a partner on the Y chromosome.

A gene mutation on an X chromosome can cause a disease. Dominant mutations are more common than recessive, and males are more likely to show the effects due to only having one X chromosome.

Recessive mutations on the X chromosome are more likely to cause disease. Men with this mutation will show the trait, while women with one mutated X and one normal X might be carriers.

Disorders caused by gene mutations on the Y chromosome are rare. Since females don't have a Y chromosome, they cannot be affected by these disorders.

Sex-linked disorders are often used interchangeably with X-linked recessive disorders, as they are the most common type.

A state where the concentration of acidic substances in the blood and cells is higher than usual.

The metabolic process that occurs when cells lack sufficient oxygen, resulting in the breakdown of glucose to produce a small amount of ATP and lactic acid.

The normal pH range of blood, slightly alkaline.

The body's natural tendency to maintain a slightly alkaline blood pH.

The process of creating glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, like amino acids, to provide energy.

A molecule that is broken down into glucose to provide energy for cells.

The primary energy source for cellular functions, produced through cellular metabolism.

The condition that results when there is an inadequate supply of oxygen to the cells.

A state of high pH (above 7.45) caused by an excess of bicarbonate (HCO3-) in the blood.

A condition where the blood pH is too high (>7.45) due to hyperventilation, leading to a decrease in CO2 levels.

A condition where the blood pH is too low (<7.35) due to a buildup of CO2 from impaired lung function or respiration.

A condition where the blood pH is too low (<7.35) due to an excess of acid (H+) or a lack of bicarbonate (HCO3-) in the blood.

The process of the body compensating for an acid-base imbalance by adjusting respiration rate and depth to regulate CO2 levels.

The process of the body compensating for an acid-base imbalance by adjusting bicarbonate levels in the blood through kidney function.

A state of high pH (above 7.45) caused by an excess of bicarbonate (HCO3-) in the blood.