Abdominal and Kidney Issues Overview

Abdominal Issues

• Inguinal region: Common site for hernias.
  • Indirect hernias: More common in men, protrude through inguinal canal
  • Direct hernias: Occur later in life, due to abdominal muscle weakening.
• Ulcer: Disruption of stomach lining, allowing HCl to erode.
  • Common in the first part of the duodenum.
• Cirrhosis: Severe liver scarring, decreasing venous flow, causing portal hypertension.
• Gallstones: Cause cholecystitis and block biliary ducts.
• Appendicitis: Visceral peritoneum stretches, causing RLQ pain when parietal peritoneum is involved.
• Pancreatitis: Duct dilation, often associated with gallstones.
• Colon Cancer: Most often occurs in the rectum.
• Kidney stones: Commonly lodge in narrow ureters.
• Adrenal tumor: Causes hypertensive crisis due to catecholamine release.
• Endoscopic hernia repair: Can damage lateral femoral cutaneous nerve.

Kidney Issues

• Failing kidney: Usually left in place during transplant unless causing complications like infection, high blood pressure, or significant size.
• The old kidney shrinks, becoming nonfunctional over time

Nerve Damage

• Gluteus Medius limp: Damage to the superior gluteal nerve.
• Endoscopic hernia repairs can cause damage to the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve.

Other Conditions

• Superolateral gluteal region: Common for intramuscular injections.

• Hamstring tears: Often near ischial tuberosity attachment.

• Weak popliteal pulse: Sign of femoral artery obstruction.

• Relaxin: Increases in pregnancy, increasing pelvic joint mobility.

• Urinary Stress Incontinence: Labor may shift bladder neck and urethra, which damages the levator ani muscle.

• Hysterectomy: Performed through the lower anterior abdominal wall.

Other Medical Conditions

• Peritonitis: Infection of the perineum.

• Vasectomy: Removal of ductus deferens.

• Traumatic rupture of spongy urethra: Urine leakage into perineal space.

• Hydrocele: Fluid collection in scrotum, often a soft swelling.

• Cystitis and UTIs: More frequent in females due to smaller urethra.

• Ectopic pregnancy: Commonly occurs in uterine tubes.

• Male membranous urethra: Narrowest part, vulnerable to perforation during catheterization

• Prostate Cancer: Common in lateral and posterior lobes, occasionally the middle lobe causes difficulty urinating.

• Internal hemorrhoids: Rectal mucosa prolapse, causing bright red bleeding.

• External hemorrhoids: Vein thrombosis, resulting in darker bleeding.

• Internal and external hemorrhoids are on opposite sides of the pectinate line.

• Femoral hernia: Intestine loop passing through femoral ring.

• Great saphenous vein: Often used for coronary artery bypass.

• Patellar reflex: Striking patellar tendon triggers quadriceps contraction.

• Chondromalacia patellae: Common knee injury in runners, caused by quadriceps imbalance.

• Common fibular nerve injury: Leads to loss of eversion and dorsiflexion.

• Lacerations of medial malleolus: Common site for tendon reattachment.

• Shin splints: Repetitive microtrauma of tibialis anterior.

• Head of femur: Mostly supplied by medial femoral circumflex artery.

• Terrible triad: Damage to MCL, ACL, and medial meniscus.

• Ankle sprains: Often involve inversion and anterior talofibular ligament damage.

This quiz covers a range of medical conditions affecting the abdominal region and kidneys, including hernias, ulcers, cirrhosis, gallstones, and kidney stones. You'll explore the causes, symptoms, and treatments associated with these issues. Test your knowledge on these key health topics!