Abdominal and Kidney Issues Overview

Study Notes

Inguinal region: Common site for hernias.
- Indirect hernias: More common in men, protrude through inguinal canal
- Direct hernias: Occur later in life, due to abdominal muscle weakening.
Ulcer: Disruption of stomach lining, allowing HCl to erode.
- Common in the first part of the duodenum.
Cirrhosis: Severe liver scarring, decreasing venous flow, causing portal hypertension.
Gallstones: Cause cholecystitis and block biliary ducts.
Appendicitis: Visceral peritoneum stretches, causing RLQ pain when parietal peritoneum is involved.
Pancreatitis: Duct dilation, often associated with gallstones.
Colon Cancer: Most often occurs in the rectum.
Kidney stones: Commonly lodge in narrow ureters.
Adrenal tumor: Causes hypertensive crisis due to catecholamine release.
Endoscopic hernia repair: Can damage lateral femoral cutaneous nerve.

Failing kidney: Usually left in place during transplant unless causing complications like infection, high blood pressure, or significant size.
The old kidney shrinks, becoming nonfunctional over time

Gluteus Medius limp: Damage to the superior gluteal nerve.
Endoscopic hernia repairs can cause damage to the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve.

Superolateral gluteal region: Common for intramuscular injections.
Hamstring tears: Often near ischial tuberosity attachment.
Weak popliteal pulse: Sign of femoral artery obstruction.
Relaxin: Increases in pregnancy, increasing pelvic joint mobility.
Urinary Stress Incontinence: Labor may shift bladder neck and urethra, which damages the levator ani muscle.
Hysterectomy: Performed through the lower anterior abdominal wall.

Peritonitis: Infection of the perineum.
Vasectomy: Removal of ductus deferens.
Traumatic rupture of spongy urethra: Urine leakage into perineal space.
Hydrocele: Fluid collection in scrotum, often a soft swelling.
Cystitis and UTIs: More frequent in females due to smaller urethra.
Ectopic pregnancy: Commonly occurs in uterine tubes.
Male membranous urethra: Narrowest part, vulnerable to perforation during catheterization
Prostate Cancer: Common in lateral and posterior lobes, occasionally the middle lobe causes difficulty urinating.
Internal hemorrhoids: Rectal mucosa prolapse, causing bright red bleeding.
External hemorrhoids: Vein thrombosis, resulting in darker bleeding.
Internal and external hemorrhoids are on opposite sides of the pectinate line.
Femoral hernia: Intestine loop passing through femoral ring.
Great saphenous vein: Often used for coronary artery bypass.
Patellar reflex: Striking patellar tendon triggers quadriceps contraction.
Chondromalacia patellae: Common knee injury in runners, caused by quadriceps imbalance.
Common fibular nerve injury: Leads to loss of eversion and dorsiflexion.
Lacerations of medial malleolus: Common site for tendon reattachment.
Shin splints: Repetitive microtrauma of tibialis anterior.
Head of femur: Mostly supplied by medial femoral circumflex artery.
Terrible triad: Damage to MCL, ACL, and medial meniscus.
Ankle sprains: Often involve inversion and anterior talofibular ligament damage.