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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of Gregor Mendel's studies?
What is the primary focus of Gregor Mendel's studies?
Which method involves observing the traits of individuals in a family over generations?
Which method involves observing the traits of individuals in a family over generations?
What does 'concordance rate' refer to in the context of studying heredity?
What does 'concordance rate' refer to in the context of studying heredity?
What does the term 'ethnic gloss' refer to?
What does the term 'ethnic gloss' refer to?
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In psychological studies, why is the concept of race often considered a social construct?
In psychological studies, why is the concept of race often considered a social construct?
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What term refers to the unique experiences that contribute to an individual's memory, language, and creativity?
What term refers to the unique experiences that contribute to an individual's memory, language, and creativity?
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Which concept describes the impact of a child's genetic makeup on the reactions they receive from others?
Which concept describes the impact of a child's genetic makeup on the reactions they receive from others?
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The stability-change issue in psychosocial development focuses on which aspect of traits?
The stability-change issue in psychosocial development focuses on which aspect of traits?
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What does maturation refer to in terms of development?
What does maturation refer to in terms of development?
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Which term describes the study of genetic and environmental differences contributing to variation among individuals?
Which term describes the study of genetic and environmental differences contributing to variation among individuals?
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What does heritability measure in a population?
What does heritability measure in a population?
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Which of the following is NOT a result of active gene-environment correlation?
Which of the following is NOT a result of active gene-environment correlation?
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How do individual differences manifest according to the content?
How do individual differences manifest according to the content?
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What does the concept of Life-Span Development emphasize?
What does the concept of Life-Span Development emphasize?
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Which factor is NOT identified as contributing to individual differences in emotionality?
Which factor is NOT identified as contributing to individual differences in emotionality?
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How do genes influence human development according to epigenetics?
How do genes influence human development according to epigenetics?
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What is the role of parent stimulation in intelligence development?
What is the role of parent stimulation in intelligence development?
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Which statement best describes Gene-Environment Interaction?
Which statement best describes Gene-Environment Interaction?
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What does the Life-Span Perspective indicate about development?
What does the Life-Span Perspective indicate about development?
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What area of development involves growth of sensory capacities?
What area of development involves growth of sensory capacities?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the Life-Span Perspective?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the Life-Span Perspective?
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Study Notes
Human Development
- Focuses on the scientific study of systematic processes of change and stability in people
- Life-Span Development: concept of human development as a lifelong process
- Domains of Development: physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development
Domains of Development
- Physical Development: growth of body and brain, sensory capacities, motor skills, and health
- Cognitive Development: learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity
- Psychosocial Development: emotions, personality, and social relationships
Social Construction
- A concept or practice that is an invention of a particular culture or society
Nature-Nurture Issue
- Degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change
- Continuity-Discontinuity: focuses on whether development involves gradual, cumulative change or distinct stages
Maturation
- Natural sequence of physical and behavioral patterns
Behavioral Genetics
- Extent to which genetic and environmental differences among people and animals are responsible for differences
Heredity
- Proportion of variability in a trait that can be attributed to genetic differences
Gene-Environment Correlations
- Passive: parent's genotype influences the environment
- Evocative: child's genotype evokes reactions
- Active: child's genotype influences the environment they seek
Context of Development
- Factors influencing development:
- Family (nuclear and extended)
- Socioeconomic status
- Culture (including variations)
- History
Developmental Psychology
- Study of human behavior throughout the lifespan
- Stages:
- Infancy
- Toddlerhood
- Early Childhood
- Middle and Late Childhood
- Adolescence
- Young Adulthood
- Middle Adulthood
- Late Adulthood
Developmental Theories
- Psychosexual Theory (Freud): Focuses on unconscious drives influenced by early experiences, stages include: id, ego, superego, and crises like anal and phallic stages
- Psychosocial Theory (Erikson): Emphasizes social interactions and crises at different life stages, with virtues associated with successfully navigating each stage.
Research Methods
- Descriptive Research: seeks to accurately record behavior, including case studies and ethnographies.
- Correlation Research: examines relationships between variables without manipulating them (identifying correlations, not cause-and-effect)
- Experimental Research: manipulates variables to determine cause-and-effect relationships
Ethical Issues in Research
- General Principles (Beneficence, Nonmaleficence, Fidelity and Responsibility, Integrity, Justice, Respect for People's Rights and Dignity)
Sensitive Periods
- Periods when developing person is especially responsive to a particular kind of experience
- Plasticity is a developmental feature characterizing these periods
Cognitive Development (Piaget)
- Stages: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational
- Sensorimotor: infants learn about the world through senses and actions (object permanence)
- Preoperational: symbolic thought emerges, but logic is limited (egocentrism, centration)
- Concrete Operational: more logical reasoning, but abstract thought is still developing.
- Formal Operational: abstract thinking and hypothetical reasoning emerge.
Attachment Theory (Ainsworth)
- Describes patterns of emotional bonds between infants and caregivers
- Attachment Styles: Secure, Avoidant, Resistant, Disorganized
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts in genetics and heredity, including Gregor Mendel's studies, family traits observation methods, and the sociocultural aspects of race in psychological research. This quiz covers essential definitions and principles related to inheritance and genetics.