Genetics and Heredity Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of Gregor Mendel's studies?

  • The effects of culture on family dynamics
  • The classification of ethnic groups
  • The heredity of traits in plants (correct)
  • The influence of socioeconomic status on development

Which method involves observing the traits of individuals in a family over generations?

  • Selective Breeding
  • Twin Studies
  • Adoption Studies
  • Family Studies (correct)

What does 'concordance rate' refer to in the context of studying heredity?

  • The percentage of pairs of individuals sharing a trait (correct)
  • The genetic variation within a population
  • The influence of family environment on development
  • The similarity in socioeconomic backgrounds among individuals

What does the term 'ethnic gloss' refer to?

<p>An overgeneralization that obscures variations among groups (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In psychological studies, why is the concept of race often considered a social construct?

<p>It tends to overlook individual variations within groups (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the unique experiences that contribute to an individual's memory, language, and creativity?

<p>Nonshared Environmental Influences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept describes the impact of a child's genetic makeup on the reactions they receive from others?

<p>Evocative Gene-Environment Correlation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The stability-change issue in psychosocial development focuses on which aspect of traits?

<p>Whether early traits remain consistent or vary throughout life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does maturation refer to in terms of development?

<p>The natural sequence of physical changes and behaviors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the study of genetic and environmental differences contributing to variation among individuals?

<p>Behavioral Genetics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does heritability measure in a population?

<p>The proportion of variability in a trait due to genetic differences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a result of active gene-environment correlation?

<p>Parents providing nurturing environments influenced by their own genetic traits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do individual differences manifest according to the content?

<p>In variations of gender, health, and physical attributes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of Life-Span Development emphasize?

<p>Human development is a lifelong, multidimensional process. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT identified as contributing to individual differences in emotionality?

<p>Cultural background (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do genes influence human development according to epigenetics?

<p>Genes turn on and off in patterned ways. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of parent stimulation in intelligence development?

<p>It influences intelligence alongside genetic factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes Gene-Environment Interaction?

<p>The effects of genes depend on the environment experienced. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Life-Span Perspective indicate about development?

<p>Development involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What area of development involves growth of sensory capacities?

<p>Physical Development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the Life-Span Perspective?

<p>It recognizes the plasticity of development. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nonshared Environmental Influences

Unique experiences that are not shared with other family members. These experiences shape individual differences like memory, language, thinking, personality, and social relationships.

Social Construction

A concept or practice invented and shaped by a particular culture or society.

Stability-Change Issue

Examines whether early traits and characteristics persist throughout life or change over time.

Continuity-Discontinuity

Focuses on the degree to which development is gradual and cumulative (continuity) or occurs in distinct stages (discontinuity).

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Maturation

The natural unfolding of physical changes and behavior patterns.

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Behavioral Genetics

The study of how genetic and environmental factors contribute to individual differences in traits and behaviors.

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Heritability

The proportion of variability in a trait within a population that can be attributed to genetic differences.

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Passive Gene-Environment Correlation

Parents provide both their genes and the environment for their children, influencing the child's development.

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Heredity

The passing of traits from parents to offspring. It encompasses inborn qualities inherited from both biological parents.

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Selective Breeding

A technique used to deliberately choose specific traits for breeding to determine if those traits are passed on to offspring.

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Concordance Rate

The percentage of pairs in a study where both individuals exhibit the same trait. It helps determine the influence of genetics on a trait.

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Twin Studies

Studies comparing identical and fraternal twins to understand the role of genetics and environment in various traits.

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Family Studies

Studies that investigate the patterns of traits or behaviors across generations of a family to determine genetic influence.

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Epigenetics

The study of how genes are turned on and off in different patterns throughout our lives, influencing our development.

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Gene-Environment Interaction

Genes influence our responses to the environment, and our experiences shape how our genes are expressed.

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Human Development

The scientific study of the systematic processes of change and stability in people throughout their lives.

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Life-Span Development

The idea that human development is a lifelong process, from birth to death, that can be studied scientifically.

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Life-Span Perspective

Views development as lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual, involving growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss.

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Physical Development

The growth of the body and brain, including sensory capacities, motor skills, and health.

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Study Notes

Human Development

  • Focuses on the scientific study of systematic processes of change and stability in people
  • Life-Span Development: concept of human development as a lifelong process
  • Domains of Development: physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development

Domains of Development

  • Physical Development: growth of body and brain, sensory capacities, motor skills, and health
  • Cognitive Development: learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity
  • Psychosocial Development: emotions, personality, and social relationships

Social Construction

  • A concept or practice that is an invention of a particular culture or society

Nature-Nurture Issue

  • Degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change
  • Continuity-Discontinuity: focuses on whether development involves gradual, cumulative change or distinct stages

Maturation

  • Natural sequence of physical and behavioral patterns

Behavioral Genetics

  • Extent to which genetic and environmental differences among people and animals are responsible for differences

Heredity

  • Proportion of variability in a trait that can be attributed to genetic differences

Gene-Environment Correlations

  • Passive: parent's genotype influences the environment
  • Evocative: child's genotype evokes reactions
  • Active: child's genotype influences the environment they seek

Context of Development

  • Factors influencing development:
    • Family (nuclear and extended)
    • Socioeconomic status
    • Culture (including variations)
    • History

Developmental Psychology

  • Study of human behavior throughout the lifespan
  • Stages:
    • Infancy
    • Toddlerhood
    • Early Childhood
    • Middle and Late Childhood
    • Adolescence
    • Young Adulthood
    • Middle Adulthood
    • Late Adulthood

Developmental Theories

  • Psychosexual Theory (Freud): Focuses on unconscious drives influenced by early experiences, stages include: id, ego, superego, and crises like anal and phallic stages
  • Psychosocial Theory (Erikson): Emphasizes social interactions and crises at different life stages, with virtues associated with successfully navigating each stage.

Research Methods

  • Descriptive Research: seeks to accurately record behavior, including case studies and ethnographies.
  • Correlation Research: examines relationships between variables without manipulating them (identifying correlations, not cause-and-effect)
  • Experimental Research: manipulates variables to determine cause-and-effect relationships

Ethical Issues in Research

  • General Principles (Beneficence, Nonmaleficence, Fidelity and Responsibility, Integrity, Justice, Respect for People's Rights and Dignity)

Sensitive Periods

  • Periods when developing person is especially responsive to a particular kind of experience
  • Plasticity is a developmental feature characterizing these periods

Cognitive Development (Piaget)

  • Stages: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational
  • Sensorimotor: infants learn about the world through senses and actions (object permanence)
  • Preoperational: symbolic thought emerges, but logic is limited (egocentrism, centration)
  • Concrete Operational: more logical reasoning, but abstract thought is still developing.
  • Formal Operational: abstract thinking and hypothetical reasoning emerge.

Attachment Theory (Ainsworth)

  • Describes patterns of emotional bonds between infants and caregivers
  • Attachment Styles: Secure, Avoidant, Resistant, Disorganized

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in genetics and heredity, including Gregor Mendel's studies, family traits observation methods, and the sociocultural aspects of race in psychological research. This quiz covers essential definitions and principles related to inheritance and genetics.

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