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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
Which organisms did Mendel use as his 'model system' in developing his principles of heredity?
Which organisms did Mendel use as his 'model system' in developing his principles of heredity?
Peas
What is genetics?
What is genetics?
The study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.
Are 'true breeding' plants homozygous or heterozygous?
Are 'true breeding' plants homozygous or heterozygous?
True (A)
What are 3 traits that Mendel observed during his experiments?
What are 3 traits that Mendel observed during his experiments?
When 2 true breeding parents were crossed, Mendel found that the offspring (F1) were ______________?
When 2 true breeding parents were crossed, Mendel found that the offspring (F1) were ______________?
Name the male parts of a flower.
Name the male parts of a flower.
Name the female parts of a flower.
Name the female parts of a flower.
What is pollination?
What is pollination?
What is cross pollination?
What is cross pollination?
What is Mendel's First Principle of Inheritance?
What is Mendel's First Principle of Inheritance?
What are alleles?
What are alleles?
What is Mendel's Second Principle of Inheritance?
What is Mendel's Second Principle of Inheritance?
What is a dominant allele?
What is a dominant allele?
What is a recessive allele?
What is a recessive allele?
What is Mendel's Third Principle of Inheritance?
What is Mendel's Third Principle of Inheritance?
What is a gamete?
What is a gamete?
What does homozygous mean?
What does homozygous mean?
What does heterozygous mean?
What does heterozygous mean?
What is a genotype?
What is a genotype?
What is a phenotype?
What is a phenotype?
What is probability?
What is probability?
What is a Punnett Square?
What is a Punnett Square?
What are the probabilities in percentages of the offspring having brown eyes? Blue eyes?
What are the probabilities in percentages of the offspring having brown eyes? Blue eyes?
What is Mendel's Fourth Principle of Inheritance?
What is Mendel's Fourth Principle of Inheritance?
What are Non-Mendelian traits?
What are Non-Mendelian traits?
What is incomplete dominance?
What is incomplete dominance?
What is codominance?
What is codominance?
What are multiple alleles?
What are multiple alleles?
What are polygenic traits?
What are polygenic traits?
In addition to genes, what other factors might affect gene expression?
In addition to genes, what other factors might affect gene expression?
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Mendel's Experiments and Key Concepts
- Gregor Mendel utilized pea plants as his model system for studying heredity.
- Genetics is defined as the study of heredity and variation in inherited characteristics.
- True breeding plants are homozygous, having identical alleles for a trait.
Observed Traits and Terms
- Mendel's key traits included flower color (purple/white), plant height (tall/short), and pod shapes (smooth/constricted).
- When true breeding parents were crossed, the first generation (F1) offspring were heterozygous.
Flower Anatomy and Pollination
- The male parts of a flower are called the anther and filament.
- Female flower parts include stigma, style, pollen tube, ovary, and ovule.
- Pollination involves the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma.
- Cross pollination occurs when pollen from one flower is transferred to another flower.
Principles of Inheritance
- Mendel's First Principle states that inheritance involves genes passed from parents to offspring.
- Alleles are different forms of a gene, with dominant alleles expressed fully, and recessive alleles only expressed when paired with another recessive allele.
- Mendel's Second Principle highlights that some alleles are dominant while others are recessive.
- His Third Principle explains that each adult has two gene copies, one from each parent, which segregate during gamete formation.
- A gamete is defined as a sex cell.
Genetic Terminology
- Homozygous refers to having two identical alleles for a trait.
- Heterozygous indicates having two different alleles for a trait.
- Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism, while phenotype describes its physical appearance or visible traits.
- Probability refers to the likelihood of a particular event occurring.
Predictive Tools in Genetics
- A Punnett Square is a diagram used to predict the outcome of a breeding experiment.
- In a typical cross, probabilities for offspring traits such as brown eyes (75%) and blue eyes (25%) can be calculated.
Additional Principles and Advanced Concepts
- Mendel's Fourth Principle establishes that alleles for different genes usually segregate independently.
- Non-Mendelian traits do not follow traditional inheritance patterns, indicating complex genetics.
- Incomplete dominance occurs when one allele is not completely dominant over another.
- Codominance involves the clear expression of both alleles' phenotypes.
- Multiple alleles refer to genes existing in more than two forms.
- Polygenic traits result from the interaction of several genes impacting a single trait.
- Environmental conditions can influence gene expression alongside genetic factors.
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